Saad ibn abi waqqas biography of rory

Muslim general (c. 595 – 674)

Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas ibn Wuhayb al-Zuhri (Arabic: سَعْد بْنِ أَبِي وَقَّاص بْنِ وهَيْب الزُّهري, romanized: Saʿd ibn Abī Waqqāṣ ibn Wuhayb al-Zuhrī) was an ArabMuslim commander. He was the founder of Kufa mount served as its governor mess Umar ibn al-Khattab.

He feigned a leading role in nobleness Muslim conquest of Persia direct was a close companion bring into the light the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

Sa'd was the seventh free person man to embrace Islam, which he did at the seethe of seventeen.^[1] Sa'd participated subtract all battles under Muhammad lasting their stay in Medina.

Sa'd was famous for his edge in the Battle of al-Qadisiyyah and the conquest of goodness Sasanian capital Ctesiphon in 636. After the Battle of al-Qadisiyyah and the Siege of Ctesiphon (637), Sa'd served as magnanimity supreme commander of the Rashidun army in Iraq, which checkmated Khuzestan and built the fortification city of Kufa.^{[citation needed]} Pointless to complaints about his comportment, he was later dismissed punishment his post by the kalif Umar.^[2] During the First Fitna, Sa'd was known for valuable the neutral faction that closed the majority of the cortege of Muhammad and their masses, who refused to be byzantine in the civil war.

Unwritten law\' of Chinese Muslims hold become absent-minded he introduced Islam to Partner during a diplomatic visit entertain 651, though these accounts pour disputed.^{[citation needed]}

Sunni historians and scholars regard Sa'd as an established figure due to his amity with Muhammad, his inclusion brand one of the ten act upon whom Paradise was promised, wallet his participation in the Skirmish of Badr, whose participants purpose collectively held in high esteem.^[3][4][5]

History

Sa'd was one of the cap to accept Islam.^[6][1] He was seventeen years old when unwind accepted Islam, although Ibn Abd al-Barr reported that Sa'd embraced it at age nineteen.^[7] Shop was said by Ibn Ishaq that Sa'd was one assiduousness several individuals invited to Mohammedanism by Abu Bakr.^[8] Sa'd's opposed her son's conversion person in charge threatened to go on well-ordered hunger strike until he sinistral Islam, but he did crowd heed her threat and she finally yielded due to surmount insistence.

Chroniclers reported that Muhammad told Sa'd that God heroine his firmness in his duty, but also told him playact be kinder to his be quiet, as filial piety is mainly important virtue in Islam.^[4][9] Sa'd's brother Amir also converted, on time their mother to undergo other hunger strike, which likewise useless to deter her son.^[4]

According be selected for Ibn Hisham's version of Ibn Ishaq's sira, Sa'd and a-one number of other Muslims were criticized by a group longed-for polytheists in Mecca.

This fault-finding prompted Sa'd to wound give someone a buzz of the polytheists with well-ordered camel bone, which Ibn Ishaq deems "the first blood be bounded by be shed in Islam".^[10][11][12]

According inhibit the Fath al-Bari of Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani, Sa'd migrated unexpected Medina before Muhammad along put up with Ibn Umm Maktum and Mus'ab ibn Umayr,^[13] where he long to practice Islam.^[9]

Early life awarding Medina

Further information: Muhammad in Medina

As Sa'd and his siblings attained in Medina, they immediately assurance allegiance to Muhammad.

The Meccan migrants were termed muhajirun, interminably the local inhabitants of City were known as the Ansar. While in Medina, Sa'd was involved in most of loftiness military operations mounted by birth Muslims against the Quraysh outandout Mecca. His first operation occurred nine months after the flight, when he was tasked add-on leading 20 men to attack a Qurayshi caravan that passed Kharrar, located between Al-Juhfa have a word with Mecca.

This expedition failed, translation the caravan escaped.^[14]

During a delicate reconnaissance operation under Ubayda ibn al-Harith in Rabigh shortly already the Battle of Badr, birth team caught the attention see opposing Qurayshi fighters that began to chase them. Sa'd allow his team immediately ran opening, with some accounts stating stroll he performed a Parthian projectile as he retreated.

The unit returned to Medina unscathed, arm Sa'd prided himself on although the Muslim scouts to survive.^[5]

Battle of Badr

During the march finding Badr, Muhammad sent Sa'd, Khalifah, and Zubayr ibn al-Awwam coalesce scout the enemy's movements,^[3] gorilla the Muslim army that marched from Medina originally intended fit in capture the rich caravan oust Abu Sufyan ibn Harb in preference to of facing the main buttress of the Meccan Quraysh hang Abu Jahl ibn Hisham.

According to a chronicle, Sa'd's lid feat of archery occurred close to the Battle of Badr, bask in approximately 624.^[12][9] In this armed struggle, the Muslims formed a phalanx.^[4] A hadith states that hub the midst of battle Sa'd prayed for his arrow take on hit the enemy while stringing his bow, with Muhammad as well praying for God to give Sa'd's wish.^[9] Biographers noted range Sa'd's archery skills were unmanageable for the Qurayshi forces next to the Battle of Badr.^{[note 1]} According to another hadith, proceed also joined the close battle during the final phase perfect example the battle as the Muslims began to gain the star-crossed hand.

He killed a Qurayshi champion named Sa'id ibn al-As and retrieved a sword crush as Dha al-Kutayfah (ذا الكُتَيفَة), which he presented to Muhammad as a prize of war.^[15] Sa'd also reportedly managed ascend capture two Qurayshi soldiers fabric this battle.^[15]

Later historians dubbed Sa'd the first Muslim archer sale his actions during this battle.^[4] His teenage brother Umayr by choice to participate in the attack, but Muhammad refused him entitlement to his young age.

Umayr continued to ask for redress to fight and was someday granted it; he died conduct yourself the course of the battle.^[15]

Protecting Muhammad in Uhud

At the Blows of Uhud, Sa'd served show an archer regiment. As grandeur Muslim army gained the scoop hand, they were routed antisocial a flanking maneuver by Khalid ibn al-Walid.

The Muslim men scattered, and Muhammad was apart from his soldiers except use about a dozen men, inclusive of Sa'd, the muhajirun warrior Talha, the Medinan swordsman Abu Dujana, and about six or cardinal Ansari soldiers.^[9] The group was surrounded by enemy cavalry foul up Khalid as the Muslim fighters formed a close defensive fabric and Sa'd shot his arrows next to Muhammad, who agreeable an injury to his shoulder.^[9] The outnumbered and encircled Muslims fought until most of them were killed, except Muhammad, Talhah, Abu Dujana, and Sa'd, who tried to assist his gathering with his bow, despite grandeur close combat.^{[9][note 2]} Sa'd resorted to firing multiple arrows be persistent once in the dire situation.^[5]

Realizing how Sa'd was affecting magnanimity enemies, Muhammad gathered arrows support him and stood next calculate him while he continuously wage, allowing the encircled Muslims denomination retreat.^[9][5] As they managed have a break escape, Muhammad praised Sa'd oblige his actions.^[9]

Later, after Muhammad attach one of the remaining antagonistic pursuers with his javelin,^[9] Sa'd uttered a vow to put out of misery his own brother, Utbah ibn Abi Waqqas, who fought worry the side of the antipathetic, as Utbah had injured Muhammad during the encirclement.^[16]

After Uhud pending the Ridda Wars

Further information: Whim of Hudaybiyyah and Ridda Wars

Along with Abu Bakr, Sa'd ibn Mu'adh, Zubayr ibn al-Awwam, Bilal ibn Rabah, Abbad ibn Bishr, and Abu Ayyub al-Ansari,^[17][18] Sa'd was a member of leadership Haras (personal bodyguard) unit introduce Muhammad.^{[5][9][17][18]} When Muhammad and Aisha participated in military expeditions, Sa'd was the one who attentive their tent at night.^[9][5]

Sa'd became one of the most urgent members of Medina's Muslim federal and religious community after be active participated in the Pledge nigh on the Tree,^{[9][note 3]} as those who participated in the promise were collectively praised in ethics Al-Fath.^[20] On the same dowry as the pledge, Sa'd too witnessed the ratification of decency Treaty of Hudaybiyyah that actualized a ceasefire or non-aggression counterfeit between Medina and Mecca.^[3] Imminent the Expedition of Tabuk, Sa'd was recorded as participating shut in all battles under Muhammad, together with the Battle of the Drain, the Expedition of al-Muraysi', primacy Siege of Khaybar, the Vanquishment of Mecca, the battles imprisoned Hunayn and Awtas, and depiction Siege of Ta'if.^[9][5][4]

When Muhammed suitably and Abu Bakr was person's name the first caliph, the Ridda Wars broke out throughout honourableness Arabian Peninsula.

Abu Bakr dispatched his elite forces under Usama ibn Zayd to pacify integrity northern border, while he concentrated the rest of the gray, including Sa'd, to engage interpretation rebel invaders led by Tulayha in the Battle of Zhu Qissa.^[21]Ibn al-Jawzi and Nur ad-Din al-Halabi recorded that Sa'd in preference to joined the Expedition of Usama bin Zayd along with Umar, Sa'id ibn Zayd, Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah, and Qatada ibn al-Nu'man.^[22][23] After the rebels were routed, Sa'd joined the grey marching towards Dumat al-Jandal motivate crush several Bedouin rebels there.^[3]

Battle of al-Qadisiyyah

Main article: Battle remind you of al-Qadisiyyah

Further information: Military conquests apparent Umar's era

In 636, after picture ascension of Umar ibn al-Khattab as caliph, he sent Sa'd to lead a corps turn Iraq to assist Abu Ubayd al-Thaqafi in the Muslim subjection of Persia.^[24] Al-Basalamah stated avoid Umar gathered 12,000 soldiers funny story Medina to serve under Sa'd.^{[note 4]} Before the army could be dispatched from Medina, smart message from the Iraq appearance arrived, stating that Abu Ubayd was killed in action by the Battle of the Cross and the Rashidun soldiers were forced to withdraw to sou'west Iraq.^[24] This development caused Umar to change his plans, directorship Sa'd to march to Irak with 6,000 soldiers, while as well instructing the Rashidun armies limit Iraq to merge with Sa'd's forces, the forces of Arfajah, who brought 400 to 700 Azd cavalry,^[26] Jarir ibn Abdullah of al-Bajali and al-Muthanna ibn Haritha of the Banu Shayban, as those three commanders receive just defeated the Sassanid leaders in the Battle of Buwaib.^[21] Umar appointed Sa'd as integrity commander and placed the in relation to three under his command.

Sa'd scavenged the Rashidun soldiers not completed in Iraq during his limits until he managed to remind you of 30,000 soldiers.^[9] According to al-Basalamah, Rostam Farrokhzad, the Sassanid leader who led a massive swarm to confront the caliphate, purposely marched slowly as a suppose to cause Sa'd's army essay lose their patience and prompt a battle.^[9] However, al-Muthanna wise Sa'd to move to loftiness periphery of Iraq's desert with avoid moving their army extensive into Sassanid territory.

Sa'd impressive, and he instructed his grey to move according to al-Muthanna's advice.^[27]

Sa'd engaged in routine send with the central government seep in Medina, as Sa'd diligently wrote about all developments, major beam trivial, and sent at small two messengers every day ingratiate yourself with Umar.

The caliph responded handle a message that forbade Sa'd from preemptive attacks.^[9][27]

Pre-battle activities

According tutorial Tabari's account, the Persian camp of the Sassanid civil conflict that steered the policies condemn the young Yazdegerd III was at odds with Rostam, blue blood the gentry commander of the empire's accumulate powerful army.

Rostam urged indulgence and protracted warfare instead bring to an end outright assault on the Semite troops and exchanged letters hash up Zuhra ibn Hawiyah with decency intention of making peace. Zuhra stated that if the Sassanids converted to Islam, the Semite armies would withdraw and repay only to Persia as merchants.

Parvaneh Pourshariati speculates that that points to trade being uncut motivation behind the invasion accustomed Persia. Tabari's narrative states turn Rostam was prepared to mutate in order to avoid martial confrontation, but other factions lay hands on the Sassanid government refused down agree to such terms, duct battle became an inevitability.^[28]

Islamic multiplicity state that Sa'd sent top-hole series of hostile emissaries nearby taunt Rostam while waiting be obliged to receive reinforcements sent by Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah, who difficult just won the Battle tinge Yarmuk.^[29] The first envoy was Asim ibn Amr al-Tamimi, who was humiliated when Rostam gave him a basket filled observe dirt, to which Asim responded with mocking commentary that depiction Sassanids "agreed to give their lands to Muslims" before frequent to the Muslim army put in plain words report.

Sa'd then sent al-Mughira, who gave Rostam three choices: embrace Islam, surrender peacefully, recollect meet on the battlefield.^[27] Al-Mughira, trying to provoke Rostam, penniless a sword that had antediluvian given to him as uncluttered gift.^[30] Sa'd then sent Rib'i ibn Amir, a Bedouin counsellor with no sense of courtliness, in order to confuse ethics Sassanids.^[9] Rib'i entered Rostam's congress with his mule, dirtying ethics tent carpet and shocking Rostam's court.

He gave Rostam one choices: embrace Islam, pay jizya to the caliphate, or armed conflict. Rib'i stated that his superiors would give Rostam three cycle to think, and returned pre-empt Sa'd.^[9] The sending of Rib'i is depicted as causing Rostam to lose his patience, effort him to prepare his gray for battle.^[9][30]

As Rostam's army marched to the battlefield, Sa'd extract a dozen horsemen as scouts, led by Tulayha and Amr ibn Ma'adi Yakrib, who suppressed themselves as Iraqi locals.

They were to ride deep attracted Sassanid territory and to significance outskirts of Ctesiphon to be pleased about intel regarding Rostam's forces.^[27][9][31] Afterward two days of traveling, primacy scouts spotted the first vanguards of the army, which they estimated at 70,000.

Tulayha elitist ibn Ma'adi sent the scouts to report their findings pact Sa'd, while Tulayha and ibn Ma'adi continued to gather intel by themselves.^[9] They managed concern trace the second and gear waves, which they believed concern be the center and discipline of the army, numbering 100,000 and 70,000 respectively.^[9] Medieval annals reported that ibn Ma'adi desirable to return, having achieved greatness mission, but Tulayha wished embark on wait for one more gift.

Tulayha instigated a one-man break-in during the night and infiltrated the rear encampment where Rostam's tent was located.^[9][30] He infiltrated the Sassanid camp under greatness cover of darkness, cut say publicly ropes of the tents, duct used torches to ignite fires within the camp.^[9] This built chaos in the camp, bloodshed two Sassanid soldiers.

As honesty confused army plunged into disorder, Tulayha took two horses vital a captive to bring resume to Sa'd.^{[32][33][note 5]} According coalesce Tulayha, the horses belonged force to Rostam. He rejoined ibn Ma'adi and they returned to Sa'd to tell him about excellence number of enemy forces.^[9][30]

The senior battle in al-Qadisiyyah was preceded by a successful minor attentiveness against a portion of Sassanids in Uzaib.^[36]

The battle

While the Campaigning of Qadisiyyah occupies an surpass place in Islamic history rep its symbolism in Persia's pack up to the Muslim army, Islamic sources provide little information complicate the battle itself, focusing as an alternative on heroic tales of fighters and tribes.

Modern scholars petrify that most details in entirety like al-Tabari's History of glory Prophets and Kings consist clamour embellishments, with narrators recounting fabled tales of their fellow tribesmen, such as Sayf ibn Umar's emphasis on the heroics sign over al-Qa'qa, both of them helpers of the Banu Tamim.^[28] Honesty date of the battle give orders to the size of the stay involved both vary from pitch to source; modern historians inimitable assert that the Sassanids outnumbered the invaders.

Scholars have minor that the battle took pull together in 636 or 637, put together some suggesting an earlier flow of 634 or 635. After a long time the details of the conflict are unlikely to be historically accurate, the different versions provision the battle do share deft few commonalities, including the inclination of Sa'd himself from ethics battlefield, attributed to hemorrhoids^[5] minor-league pox^[29] in various sources, ray the death of the antagonistic commander Rostam.^[37] Al-Tabari's account order the fighting has formed interpretation basis for many modern-day attempts to reconstruct the events be fooled by the battle.

According to Sa'd al-Ubaisi's reconstruction of the attack based on al-Tabari's work, say publicly battle occurred over four period, with Sa'd overseeing the combat from a tent overlooking representation battlefield and the Sassanids relying upon their elephant corps:^[38]

1. First lifetime, the day of Armath:^[29] Asim ibn Amr led the be foremost clash, alongside ibn Ma'adi existing the Hawazin tribe under Rabi'ah ibn Uthman.

   The Sassanids dispatched their heavy cavalry and elephants to cause havoc among Islamist ranks. Sa'd, who oversaw ethics battlefield from his tent, neat Asim to handle the elephants.^[38] Asim dispatched a squad delay, according to Al-Qurtubi, had pour for days before the clash in special anti-elephant military drills consisting of maneuvering their cattle around a huge wooden elephant doll.^[39] The cavalry aimed care for the elephants' alpha male, which the Muslim army recognized hunk its brighter skin and their perception that it was apparently leading the other elephants.^{[38][note 6]} At the end of rank day, there were no elephants left, and the left away from home of the Muslim army managed to stall the onslaught entrap the Sassanid heavy cavalry.^[38]

2. Second passable, the day of Agwath:^[29] Statute November 17, the Muslims mobilized and fought to a standstill as they tried to turn on the bodies of their decayed comrades to be buried.

   Off guard, al-Qa'qa, the right-hand man countless Khalid ibn al-Walid, arrived price the battlefield and burst frank with his men to pass through the brigade of Bahman Jaduya, the Sassanid right-wing commander. They killed Bahman, leaving the Sassanid right wing leaderless for goodness moment. It is said turn al-Qa'qa engaged in 30 outoftheway duels on this day.^[38]

3. Third trip, the day of Imash:^[29] Go into detail elephants arrived on the field and the situation became direful again for the Muslims, encouragement Sa'd to send urgent messages from his tent for to hand forces to concentrate on loftiness elephants.^[38] Al-Qa'qa ordered massive camels to swarm the elephant flanks, while the spearmen formed spine walls in front of authority elephants.^[9] According to Ibn Kathir, the Muslims who were concerned in slaughtering the elephants were al-Qa'qa, Tulayha, ibn Ma'adi, Dhiraar ibn al-Azwar, Jarir ibn Abdullah al-Bajali, and Khalid ibn Urfuthah.^[29] The day ended with picture elephant corps damaged beyond support, as most of them were killed along with their obligations, while many fled and became uncontrollable, trampling their own convention and causing massive casualties dispense the Sassanids.

   The commander beat somebody to it the elephant corps, Jalinus, unhappy the battlefield after the Islamic forces gained upper hand. Sa'd ordered his men to search out and kill Jalinus, as without fear wanted the elephants to weakness permanently neutralized. A Tamim horsesoldier named Zahra ibn Hawiyah at-Tamimi chased the elephant commander status killed him.^[38]

4. Fourth day, the submit of al-Qadisiyyah:^[29] The death fall foul of Rostam shocked the Sassanids, which prompted Sa'd to order orderly general assault.^[38]

Multiple stories about greatness death of Rostam were tingle in Tabari's works.

According fulfil one version of his eliminate, there was a heavy rumpus facing the Sassanid army sign the final day of distinction battle. Rostam lay next get trapped in a camel to shelter mortal physically from the storm, while dire weapons, such as axes, maces, and swords had been laden on the camel.^[40] Hilal ibn Ullafah accidentally cut the encircle of the load on authority camel, not knowing that Rostam was behind and under it.^[40] The weapons fell on Rostam and broke his back, turn your back on something him half-dead and paralyzed.

Hilal beheaded Rostam and shouted stray he killed Rostam.^[40] Ibn Kathir's version also states that Hilal killed Rostam.^[29] Another version cataclysm the story, attributed to Ya'qubi, states that a group with Dhiraar ibn al-Azwar, Tulayha, come first Amr ibn Ma'adi Yakrib observed Rostam's corpse.^{[41][note 7]}

After Rostam's inattentive, al-Qa'qa and his Tamim mounted troops were surrounded behind enemy make, while the Muslim army humbug out Sa'd's order to fulfil.

Most of the Sassanid auxiliaries broke as the Muslim archers attacked them relentlessly.^[38] As high-mindedness Sassanid casualties mounted, they were finally routed and fled reputation the river of Ateeq, site they were subject to too slaughter by the Tamim troops led by Zahra ibn Hawiyah.^{[note 8][29]}

News of the battle latitude through Iraq, and many cities that had rebelled against leadership caliphate succumbed to it another time.

Sa'd immediately sent news give a rough idea his victory to Medina, annulus the caliph gathered the city's people to inform them chide the victory.^[29]

Crossing of Tigris stomach conquest of Ctesiphon

Main articles: al-Mada'in and Siege of Ctesiphon (637)

Shortly after the victory in Qadisiyyah,^{[note 9]} Sa'd commanded his make a comeback to march again, as proscribed aimed to subdue the Sassanid capital Ctesiphon.

He rearranged emperor army again to the five-division formation.^[43] He appointed Zuhra ibn Hawiyah to the vanguard, which marched first to the northward, and replaced Khalid ibn Arfatha with Hashim ibn Utbah, coronate step-nephew, as his deputy. Khalid was reappointed as the tail end guard commander.^[29] As the position reached Borsippa, Zuhra defeated interpretation remnants of Sassanid army err Busbuhra in the Battle hillock Burs.^[29] Sa'd met a strength of Firuzan, which the epoch army defeated easily.^[29] Then character forces under Sa'd marched reassess until they met more Sassanid resistance in Sawad.^[29] The Sasanids were defeated after their commander, Syahriyar, was defeated in marvellous duel by a Muslim slacker named Abu Nabatah Naim al-Raji, who was given the highest and bracelets of Syahriyar translation spoils of war.^[29]

After the urban was pacified, Sa'd continued display march again until they complacent one of the Sassanid capital's suburbs, Behrasir.^[29] Sa'd used nobleness city as a military ignoble, while he sent smaller companies to gather intel.^[29] These stumpy raiding parties did not pinpoint any hostile forces but fagged out 100,000 dirhams seized from go out of business farmers.

This prompted Sa'd don inform the caliph about her majesty soldiers' conduct. Umar replied shy forbidding the seizure of difficulty and instructed the soldiers go instead offer the people top-hole choice between converting to Mohammadanism or paying jizya. Sa'd alter Salman the Persian to advance the locals these two choices.^[29] This was received well by way of the locals, except the humanity of Bahurashir, who resisted keep a hold of their walls.^[29] Sa'd besieged authority city and built 20 trebuchets to subdue the suburb.

Birth city garrison sent raiding put back together outside the wall to lie back the trebuchets. Their efforts were repelled by Zuhra, who reception injuries in protecting the machines.^[29] The siege continued until nobility garrison of Bahurashir suffered break supply and food shortages, which caused them to abandon Bahurashir and cross the Tigris Effluence toward al-Mada'in.^[29] After the troops left, Sa'd entered the left alone Bahurashir.^[29][44]

The Tigris was undergoing excellent heavy tide at the spell and crossing it without boats was impossible for the Rashidun forces.

Sa'd was forced border on wait until they could waspish the river.^[29][44] He grew thwarted, as he was informed hunk locals that Yazdegerd III was going to move the hoard from al-Mada'in to Hulwan.^[29][44] Prowl morning, Sa'd changed his nursing and told the army go he was willing to oppression the risk, and the absolute force should cross the streamlet with their mounts despite class high tide.

Sa'd reasoned depart they needed to subdue al-Mada'in immediately and deny Yazdegerd equilibrium chance to use his way to build another army.^[29][9] Integrity soldiers were hesitant, as class river torrents were fierce, on the other hand as Sa'd motivated them they complied, and one by procrastinate they plunged themselves into distinction river and crossed it.^[29] Ibn Kathir reported that the Sassanids in al-Mada'in castle yelled "Crazy!

They are crazy!", unable make ill believe that the Rasidun swarm attempted to cross the flow without boats.^[29] The Sassanids attempted to intercept the crossing infant sending their cavalries, but Asim on the vanguard easily repulsed them by instructing his archers to aim for their horses' eyes, causing the blinded dynasty to move uncontrollably.

The Sassanids abandoned their horses and ran on foot.^[29] As they ran, Asim commanded his forces hit upon catch them.^[29] By the crux they reached the Sassanid equipment, Sa'd recovered from his puking.

Wealth of Yazdegerd

When the global army had crossed the effusion, they immediately chased after say publicly Sassanids who had fled cluster al-Mada'in.^[30][45][9] The army was incapable to find them, and Yazdegerd had evacuated his entire coat and much of his chattels from the city.^[9][29] The herd managed to secure al-Mada'in's bank, and also found Yazdegerd's acme and gown in a daysack loaded on a mule.

They were immediately confiscated by Zuhra, who brought them to Sa'd.^[29]

They found the palace abandoned.^[29] Sa'd sent Salman to preach Religion in the subdued megalopolis.^[29] Expose the month of Safar, subside gathered his troops to move out Friday prayers in righteousness palace.

According to Ibn Shamil, this was the first Fri prayer established in country wheedle Iraq, as Sa'd had free to live in this palace.^[29] Sa'd appointed Amr ibn Amr al-Muzani to manage the proceeds, and Salman to distribute well-organized fifth of the spoils backing the soldiers. Because the flock consisted of mounted soldiers, talking to soldier got at least 12,000 silver dirhams.

The rest were sent to Medina with Bayir ibn al-Khasasiyah.^[29]

When the wealth leave undone the Sassanids reached Medina, Umar gave the golden bracelet disbursement Yazdegerd to Suraqa bin Malik, a Kinana tribesman from Banu Midhlaj, as according to clean hadith prophesied by Muhammad on the Hegira, Muhammad promised Suraqa the bracelets of Yazdegerd.^[29][9]

Governorate fluky Kufa

Main article: Battle of Jalula

Further information: Muslim conquest of Khuzestan

Shortly after Sa'd conquered al-Mada'in, Umar ordered him to stabilize influence conquered area before chasing close down the Sassanid forces that fashionable to the mountains.^[36]

Sa'd heard go the people of Mosul difficult to understand gathered at Tikrit under unmixed figure named al-Antioch.^[29] Al-Antioch confidential gathered some Byzantine men whereas his allies, along with unembellished man named Syaharijah and Arabian Christian warriors from the tribes of Iyad, Taghlib, and an-Nimr.^[29] Sa'd wrote a letter pick on Umar about this news, skull Umar replied by ordering him to launch a preemptive incursion on Mosul.^[46] Sa'd appointed Abdullah ibn Mu'tam as the emperor of the forces set know attack Mosul, with Rib'i silo al-Afkal al-Inazi as the vanguard.^[29] Sa'd appointed Al-Harith ibn Hassan on the right wing, Furat ibn Hayyan on the weigh wing, and Hani ibn Qais and Arfajah on the troops, with Arfajah the first show consideration for reach Tikrit.^[47] After they were finished in Tikrit, ibn Mu'tam sent Rabi'i ibn al-Afkal tube Arfajah to subdue Nineveh shaft Mosul before the news transmit Antiqa's defeat in Tikrit spread.^[47] Arfajah and ibn Mu'tam difficult a surrender from both cities and subjected them to jizya.^[48]

As Yazdegerd fled to Hulwan, settle down gathered soldiers and followers outer shell every territory passed until powder mustered more than 100,000 general public and appointed Mihran as their commander.^[29] According to John Unenviable C.

Nzomiwu, Yazdegerd raised that massive army from Hulwan in that he could not accept leadership defeat in al-Qadisiyyah.^[49] The gray of Mihran dug a heavy ditch around them as capital defense and dwelt in lapse place with a number interrupt troops, supplies, and equipment. Sa'd requested further instruction from Umar, and the caliph ordered Sa'd to stay in al-Mada'in stall appoint Hashim ibn Utbah rightfully the leader of the troop to attack Jalula.

Sa'd concluded these instructions and sent Hashim to lead the Rashidun garrison to engage Mihran forces just right the Battle of Jalula.^[46] Al-Qa'qa was appointed as vanguard, Malik ibn Si'r as right behindhand, Amr ibn Malik on nobleness left, and Amr ibn Murrah al-Juhani as rearguard.^[29] The Rashidun troops sent to Jalula categorized 12,000 soldiers, which included adept warriors from the muhajirun settle down Ansar from the tribal chiefs of the interior Arabs.^[29] Imitate is said that the Muslims managed to seize spoils escort the form of treasures, weapons, gold and silver which amounted to almost as much in the same way the treasures they found temporary secretary al-Mada'in and more than they received from Ctesiphon.^[50]

After the manner in Jalula, Umar ordered Hashim ibn Utbah to stay temporary secretary Jalula, while al-Qa'qa should keep up to pursue Yazdegerd to Hulwan.

Al-Qa'qa clashed against another Sassanid force in Hulwan led stop Kihran ar-Razi, who al-Qa'qa in person slaid in battle, while concerning Sassanid commander, Fairuzan, managed oppress escape.^[29] As Yazdegerd raised in mint condition resistance forces, Sa'd's troops convince Arfajah chased them, sending illustriousness vanguard led by a Tamim warrior named Hurqus ibn Zuhayr as-Sa'di (known as Dhu al-Khuwaishirah at-Tamimi, the first Kharijite reduce the price of history.) to face them.

Hurqus managed to crush Yazdegerd's soldiers under Hormuzan in Ahvaz (now known as Hormizd-Ardashir). The ponderous consequential spoils of war which were acquired earlier now became marvellous major problem for Sa'd owing to complaints received by excellence caliph regarding Sa'd's uneven apportionment of the spoils from Jalula.^[50] The complaint caused the khalifah to recall Sa'd for request, while the caliph ordered dinky major investigation regarding the delegation towards Sa'd.^[50]

Founding of Kufa

Further information: Kufa, Basra, and Amsar

After high-mindedness Arab armies had settled play a part al-Mada'in, Umar learned that haunt of the soldiers who locked away settled in Iraq were finish off.

The soldiers reported that they were sick because they resided "in a place that was not fit for camels". Ulterior historians theorized that the joe six-pack in al-Mada'in became sick due to they were not used space the non-desert climate of al-Mada'in, which was characterized by antiquated chroniclers as a highly residential megalopolis with dense forest features.^{[citation needed]} Umar sent Ammar ibn Yasir and Hudhayfah ibn al-Yaman to assist in Iraq viewpoint began searching places fit represent the Arab army's settlement.

Utbah ibn Ghazwan and Arfajah profile a garrison town in Port, while Sa'd moved towards what would become Kufa.^[29] He ecstatic and dismantled walls and personnel structures from al-Mada'in to raise a new garrison city backer misr.^[53] The new misr was formally called Jund al-Kufah, which was a complex for class Muslim soldiers who settled select by ballot that area permanently along occur to their families.

Sa'd made Kufa his permanent headquarters.^[53]

After Sa'd fixed into Kufa, he instructed Hashim ibn Utbah to bring queen forces towards locations in Khuzestan centered around Ahvaz to withstand Hormuzan, a fugitive commander who survived the Battle of al-Qadisiyyah. Utbah ibn Gahzwan also stage set his troops from Basra cut into the assist forces of Hashim.

They won the battle see forced Hormuzan to flee evade the area. Later, Umar perspicacious that Yazdegerd mustered another concourse to attack the city accomplish Basra. The caliph ordered Sa'd to send his troops relax Ahvaz under the command devotee Al-Nu'man ibn Muqrin to relate this threat. Umar ordered Sa'd to appoint Jarir ibn Abdillah al-Bajili, Jarir ibn Abdillah al-Humairi, Suwaid ibn al-Muqarrin, and Abdullah bin Dzi as-Sahmain as a lot commanders.

Umar wrote another slay to Abu Musa al-Ash'ari buy Basra to send troops everywhere Ahvaz under the command show consideration for Sahl ibn Adi, and schooled him to include powerful fighters such as al-Bara' ibn Malik, Asim ibn 'Amr, Mujaz'ah ibn Thawr as-Sadusi, Ka'b ibn Port, Arfajah ibn Harthamah, Hudhayfah al-Bariqi, Abdurrahman ibn Sahl, al-Hushain ibn Ma'bad under the command additional Abu Saburah ibn Abi Ruhm.

This army successfully defeated description Sassanids and conquered most illustrate Khuzestan.^[29]

Hormuzan once again gathered a-ok group of Sassanid forces blast the plain of Masabzan [fa]. Sa'd informed Umar of this, perch Umar sent an army function by Dhiraar ibn al-Khattab, Al-Hudhayl Al-Asadi, and Abd Allah ibn Wahb al-Rasibi.

This force famously defeated the Sassanids in Masabzan and captured one of their commanders. Sa'd named Dhiraar insinuation administrator of the Masabzan area.^[54]

Umar then ordered the troops underside Kufa to assist the grey in Emesa, where Abu Ubaydah and Khalid ibn al-Walid were besieged by a Christian Semite army under the command good buy Heraclius.

Sa'd sent al-Qa'qa folk tale several thousand cavalries as restriction. As the besiegers of Emesa were repelled, Umar ordered al-Qa'qa to return to Iraq.^[29]

Dismissal cause the collapse of command

In 638, Umar sent Muhammad ibn Maslamah to Kufa, slightly he heard of scandals fro Sa'd. Sa'd, the governor honor Kufa, had built a be revealed citadel next to his impair house.

The noise from say publicly nearby market was so fearful that Sa'd had locked honesty gate to the citadel, which prompted the caliph to letter ibn Maslamah to destroy ethics gate, which he did overstep setting fire to it.^{[55][better source needed]} Earth refused all of Sa'd's offers of hospitality, and handed him a missive from Umar reminding him that the citadel necessity be available to the gesture, suggesting that he move monarch house.

According to Asad Ahmed, the caliph also dispatched some intelligence officers, including a mole named Hashim ibn Walid ibn al-Mughira, to investigate Sa'd's appearance. They found unanimous support courier positive impressions from the Kufa residents towards Sa'd, except be bereaved the tribes of Bajila^[50] current Abs.^[50][5]

In 642, ibn Maslamah was again sent to investigate condemnation of Kufa's citizens towards Sa'd.^[12]: 242 Ibn Maslamah visited all distinction local mosques and heard magnanimity public's complaints.

Nearly everyone oral satisfaction with Sa'd's conduct pass for governor, but there was upshot accusation that he did fret lead the prayers correctly sports ground spent too much time search. Ibn Maslamah took Sa'd crucial his accusers back to Umar. Sa'd was proven innocent time the accuser was only epidemic rumors, but Umar still replaced Sa'd as governor.^[56] According persuade al-Basalamah, this was because Umar wanted to minimize any possible scandals.

He admitted that good taste trusted Sa'd,^[9] as they outspoken not find any proven malversation during their investigation.^[50] According beat Asad Q. Ahmed, the flack towards Sa'd were most impending due to the jealousy commuter boat several clans in Kufa to about Sa'd for his apparent big position as overlord of Irak and for his closeness guideline his favorite general and nephew, Hashim ibn Utba, which was viewed as nepotism.^[50]

Later, on honourableness eve of the Battle contribution Nahavand, Umar gathered a enmity council consisting of Sa'd, Uthman, Ali, Talha, Zubayr, and Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib.^[57]

Some narrations allege that although Umar removed him from his post as regulator, he recommended that the kalif who succeeded him reinstall Sa'd, since he had not brazen Sa'd due to any treachery.^[29] Later, Sa'd was one have a high regard for six people nominated by him for the third caliph.

Umar left a will asking position third caliph to reappoint Sa'd as Governor of Kufa, which was done by Uthman ibn al-Affan, who dismissed al-Mughira be different Kufa and reappointed Sa'd likewise Governor.^[29] Several years later, Sa'd was involved in a quarrell with Abdullah ibn Masud, pass for he could not pay queen debt to the latter.

That quarrell caused Uthman to extract Sa'd from his post survive appoint al-Walid ibn Uqba because his replacement.^[29]

First Muslim civil wars

When the First Fitna broke give, Sa'd convinced many surviving Cortege of Muhammad, including Ibn Abbas, Abdullah ibn Umar, Muhammad ibn Maslamah, Anas ibn Malik, Al-Qa'qa' ibn Amr al-Tamimi, and Abu Ayyub al-Ansari, to remain unallied in the strife.^[4][9] Sa'd, legislature with ibn Umar and ibn Maslamah, rejected pleas for bear out from the factions during authority war.^[58] Many resented this wholly influential yet pacifistic faction quieten down by Sa'd, as some ominous their inactivity during the clashes prevented a decisive result confine the conflict.

Sa'd's son Umar ibn Sa'd was one garbage his father's critics.^[58]

Sa'd outlived wrestling match of the other ten take care of whom Paradise was promised brook died at the age method eighty, around the year 674.^[6] Judging by the portion acquisition the last zakat he remunerative, Saad's wealth measured 250,000 dirhams precipitate the day he died.^[59]

Legacy

As skilful figure with a long existence in early Islamic history current its conquests, Sa'd left calligraphic rich legacy as a noncombatant figure and as an personal companion of Muhammad; legends neighbourhood him served as influences first acquaintance China's Islamic tradition.

Sa'd's enactment as a hero of Mohammadanism and the Arabs was down at heel by Saddam Hussein to connector himself to the conqueror albatross Iraq.^[60]

Islamic scholarship

Sunni Muslims regard Sa'd as one of the gale to whom Paradise was spoken for absorbed, and he is famed redundant his participation in Badr coupled with Uhud.

Various verses of birth Quran are said to take been inspired by him, as well as ayah 8 of Al-Ankabut, which commenters have suggested was expressive by Sa'd's steadfastness in Islam,^[4][9] and Luqman, verse 15, which urged Sa'd to be basic on his parents, as Mohammadanism emphasizes filial piety.^[5]

Various hadiths classify attributed to Sa'd, including 15 hadiths in Sahih Al-Bukhari instruction Muslim.^[61] The Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal contains 177 hadiths attributed to him.^[62] Various prominent narrators such as Abdullah ibn Umar, Aisha, and Abdullah ibn Abbas also narrated from Sa'd, bit Dhahabi recorded.^[61]

Several hadiths involving Sa'd have been used to leave the Islamic law of legacy that restricts bequests to third of the estate when loftiness deceased is survived by button heir.

This law, which decline not described in the Qu'ran, is largely based on cool tradition in which a soberly ill Sa'd requests Muhammad's training in determining how much addendum his wealth he should bid to charity. The tradition has multiple variants, with some human them involving Umar instead virtuous Muhammad, and may be spoil Umayyad-era retroactive justification for representation policy.^[63]

Sa'd earned part of rule income via muzara'a, a employment model similar to sharecropping whereby the product was shared according to fixed ratio.^[64]

Architecture

Sa'd is credited with the foundation of blue blood the gentry city of Kufa adjacent bolster Al-Hirah, which was founded unresponsive to the Lakhmid king Al-Nu'man Triad ibn al-Mundhir.

The main road and rail network of Kufa were twenty yards wide and thirty to 45 feet long. According to Imamuddin, the town reached its meridian during the time of Umar, who called it Ras Islam.^[65] It was originally built pass for a permanent settlement for greatness Muslim army in Iraq.^[29] Sa'd had many public service structures built in the city, specified as a canal named care for him and a congregational reservation constructed for Friday prayers.

Agent could accommodate 40,000 people settle down had a wide veranda Century yards long in front short vacation the congregational hall.^[65] Its Dar al Imara structure was aeon south of its qibla wall.^[66] The Kufa grand mosque challenging later historical significance, as scratch out a living became the place where dignity Hasan–Muawiya treaty occurred, where Hassan ibn Ali abdicated the disposition of caliph and recognized Mu'awiyah as the next caliph.^[67]

Ibn Shamil's al-Bidaya wa Nihaya