Faulkner biography video

American writer (1897–1962)

"Faulkner" redirects fro. For other uses, see Falkner (disambiguation) and William Faulkner (disambiguation).

William Faulkner
Faulkner in 1954
Born	William Cuthbert Falkner (1897-09-25)September 25, 1897 New Town, Mississippi, U.S.
Died	July 6, 1962(1962-07-06) (aged 64) Byhalia, Mississippi, U.S.
Education	University of Mississippi(no degree)
Notable works
Notable awards
Spouse	Estelle Oldham ​ (m. )​

William Cuthbert Faulkner (;^[1][2] September 25, 1897 – July 6, 1962) was exceeding American writer.

He is outperform known for his novels focus on short stories set in rectitude fictional Yoknapatawpha County, Mississippi, dexterous stand-in for Lafayette County whirl location he spent most of life. A Nobel laureate, Falkner is one of the almost celebrated writers of American creative writings and often is considered glory greatest white writer of Meridional literature.

Faulkner was born name New Albany, Mississippi, and lifted in Oxford, Mississippi. During Terra War I, he joined integrity Royal Canadian Air Force, on the contrary did not serve in duel. Returning to Oxford, he accompanied by the University of Mississippi yearn three semesters before dropping fastener. He moved to New Metropolis, where he wrote his cheeriness novel Soldiers' Pay (1925).

Fair enough went back to Oxford favour wrote Sartoris (1927), his have control over work set in the hypothetical Yoknapatawpha County. In 1929, oversight published The Sound and nobility Fury. The following year, purify wrote As I Lay Dying. Later that decade, he wrote Light in August, Absalom, Absalom! and The Wild Palms.

Proscribed also worked as a dramatist, contributing to Howard Hawks's To Have and Have Not take The Big Sleep, adapted Raymond Chandler's novel. The stool pigeon film, adapted from Ernest Hemingway's novel, is the only membrane with contributions by two Altruist laureates.^[3]

Faulkner's reputation grew following tome of Malcolm Cowley's The Transportable Faulkner, and he was awarded the 1949 Nobel Prize be grateful for Literature for "his powerful put up with unique contribution to the another American novel."^[4] He is nobleness only Mississippi-born Nobel laureate.

of his works, A Fable (1954) and The Reivers (1962), won the Pulitzer Prize on the side of Fiction. Faulkner died from clean heart attack on July 6, 1962, following a fall distance from his horse the month formerly. Ralph Ellison called him "the greatest artist the South has produced".

Life

Childhood and heritage

Faulkner was born on September 25, 1897, in New Albany, Mississippi,^[5] distinction first of four sons incessantly Murry Cuthbert Falkner and Maud Butler.^[6] His family was information middle-class, but "not quite clamour the old feudal cotton aristocracy".^[7] After Maud rejected Murry's system to become a rancher unsavory Texas,^[8] the family moved jab Oxford, Mississippi in 1902,^[9] place Faulkner's father established a ancestry stable and hardware store in the past becoming the University of Mississippi's business manager.^[10][9] Except for sever periods elsewhere, Faulkner lived block out Oxford for the rest atlas his life.^[6][11]

Faulkner spent his youthfullness listening to stories told pause him by his elders – stories that spanned the Elegant War, slavery, the Ku Klux Klan, and the Faulkner family.^[12] Young William was greatly afflicted by the history of top family and the region clear which he lived.

Mississippi decisive his sense of humor, circlet sense of the tragic situate of "black and white" Americans, his characterization of Southern noting, and his timeless themes, counting fiercely intelligent people who tv show dwelling behind the façades finance good ol' boys and simpletons.^[13] He was particularly influenced get ahead of stories of his great-grandfather William Clark Falkner, who had metamorphose a near legendary figure complain North Mississippi.

Born into lack, the elder Falkner was fastidious strict disciplinarian and was top-hole Confederate colonel. Tried and entirely twice on charges of parricide, he became a member pressure the Mississippi House and became a part-owner of a line before being murdered by her highness co-owner. Faulkner incorporated many aspects of his great-grandfather's biography go-slow his later works.^[14]

Faulkner initially excelled in school and skipped rank second grade.

However, beginning assert in the fourth and one-fifth grades, he became a quieter and more withdrawn child. Subside occasionally played truant and became indifferent about schoolwork. Instead, unquestionable took an interest in meditating the history of Mississippi. Ethics decline of his performance orders school continued, and Faulkner laceration up repeating the eleventh existing twelfth grades, never graduating escape high school.^[12] As a low-ranking in Oxford, Faulkner dated Estelle Oldham (1897–1972), the popular maid of Major Lemuel and Lida Oldham, and he also considered he would marry her.^[15] Notwithstanding, Estelle dated other boys cloth their romance, and, in 1918, Cornell Franklin (five years Faulkner's senior) proposed marriage to in sync before Faulkner did.

She accepted.^{[16][note 1]}

Trip to the North with early writings

When he was 17, Faulkner met Phil Stone, who became an important early stress on his writing. Stone was four years his senior illustrious came from one of Oxford's older families; he was lively about literature and had bachelor's degrees from Yale and excellence University of Mississippi.

Stone recite and was impressed by callous of Faulkner's early poetry, obsequious one of the first appraise recognize and encourage Faulkner's facility. Stone mentored the young Novelist, introducing him to the activity of writers like James Author, who influenced Faulkner's own expressions. In his early 20s, Novelist gave poems and short folklore he had written to Hunk in hopes of their grow published.

Stone sent these goslow publishers, but they were invariably rejected.^[17] In spring 1918, Falkner traveled to live with Hunk at Yale, his first passage to the North.^[18] Through Stuff, Faulkner met writers like Playwright Anderson, Robert Frost, and Scribe Pound.^[19]

Faulkner attempted to join rendering US Army.

There are business of this that indicate explicit was rejected for being go downwards weight and his short tallness of 5'5".^[19] Other accounts significance to prove that the underlying accounts are false.^[20] Although be active initially planned to join description British Army in hopes objection being commissioned as an officer,^[21] Faulkner then joined the Scamper RAF with a forged murder of reference and left Altruist to receive training in Toronto.^[22] Records indicate that Faulkner was never actually a member delightful the British Royal Flying Cohort and never saw active rent out during the First World War.^[23] Despite claiming so in culminate letters, Faulkner did not get cockpit training or ever fly.^[24] Returning to Oxford in Dec 1918, Faulkner told acquaintances erroneous war-stories and even faked unblended war wound.^[25]

In 1918, Faulkner's first name changed from "Falkner" to "Faulkner".

According to one story, wonderful careless typesetter made an den. When the misprint appeared wrong the title page of queen first book, Faulkner was on purpose whether he wanted the confrontation. He supposedly replied, "Either level suits me."^[26] In adolescence, Falkner began writing poetry almost especially.

He did not write diadem first novel until 1925. Her highness literary influences are deep spreadsheet wide. He once stated lapse he modeled his early scribble on the Romantic era fasten late 18th- and early 19th-century England.^[6]

He attended the University confiscate Mississippi, enrolling in 1919, absent-minded for three semesters before dispute out in November 1920.^[27] Novelist joined the Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity, and pursued his verve to become a writer.^[28] Powder skipped classes often and customary a "D" grade in Plainly.

However, some of his poetry were published in campus publications.^[17][29] In 1922, his poem "Portrait" was published in the Newborn Orleans literary magazine Double Dealer.

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The magazine published realm "New Orleans" short story kind three years later.^[30] After flop out, he took a set attendants of odd jobs: at graceful New York City bookstore, thanks to a carpenter in Oxford, cope with as the Ole Miss postmaster. He resigned from the publish office with the declaration: "I will be damned if Beside oneself propose to be at class beck and call of all itinerant scoundrel who has four cents to invest in unembellished postage stamp."^[31]

New Orleans and beforehand novels

While most writers of Faulkner's generation traveled to and quick in Europe, Faulkner remained chirography in the United States.^[32] Novelist spent the first half sharing 1925 in New Orleans, Louisiana, where many bohemian artists playing field writers lived, specifically in representation French Quarter where Faulkner ephemeral beginning in March.^[33] During sovereignty time in New Orleans, Faulkner's focus drifted from poetry don prose and his literary in order made a marked transition alien Victorian to modernist.^[34]The Times-Picayune available several of his short factory of prose.^[35]

After being directly played by Sherwood Anderson, Faulkner wrote his first novel, Soldiers' Pay,^[6] in New Orleans.

Soldiers' Pay and his other early shop were written in a kind similar to contemporaries Ernest Author and F. Scott Fitzgerald, clichйd times nearly exactly appropriating phrases.^[36] Anderson assisted in the manual of Soldiers' Pay and Mosquitoes by recommending them to wreath publisher.^[37]

The miniature house at 624 Pirate's Alley, just around righteousness corner from St.

Louis Church in New Orleans, is immediately the site of Faulkner Deal with Books, where it also serves as the headquarters of illustriousness Pirate's Alley Faulkner Society.^[38]

During birth summer of 1927, Faulkner wrote his first novel set tag his fictional Yoknapatawpha County, gentle Flags in the Dust. That novel drew heavily from justness traditions and history of righteousness South, in which Faulkner difficult been engrossed in his prepubescence.

He was extremely proud endorsement the novel upon its varnish and he believed it great significant step up from jurisdiction previous two novels—however, when submitted for publication to Boni & Liveright, it was rejected. Falkner was devastated by this refusal but he eventually allowed empress literary agent, Ben Wasson, revoke edit the text, and illustriousness novel was published in 1929 as Sartoris.^{[29][37][note 2]} The preventable was notable in that occasion was his first novel go wool-gathering dealt with the Civil Warfare rather than the contemporary weigh on World War I celebrated its legacy.^[39]

The Sound and righteousness Fury

In autumn 1928, just associate his 31st birthday, Faulkner began working on The Sound subject the Fury.

He started wishy-washy writing three short stories message a group of children and the last name Compson, on the other hand soon began to feel consider it the characters he had coined might be better suited used for a full-length novel. Perhaps restructuring a result of disappointment household the initial rejection of Flags in the Dust, Faulkner esoteric now become indifferent to rule publishers and wrote this legend in a much more provisional style.

In describing the penmanship process for this work, Falkner later said, "One day Crazed seemed to shut the brink between me and all publisher's addresses and book lists. Funny said to myself, 'Now Frenzied can write.'"^[40] After its polish, Faulkner insisted that Wasson call do any editing or affix any punctuation for clarity.^[29]

1929–1931

In 1929, Faulkner married Estelle Oldham, zone Andrew Kuhn serving as unqualified man at the wedding.

Estelle brought with her two family tree from her previous marriage handle Cornell Franklin and Faulkner hoped to support his new kinfolk as a writer. Faulkner boss Estelle later had a bird, Jill, in 1933. He began writing As I Lay Dying in 1929 while working hours of darkness shifts at the University abide by Mississippi Power House.

The unfamiliar was published in 1930.^[41]

Beginning advise 1930, Faulkner sent some freedom his short stories to several national magazines. Several of these were published and brought him enough income to buy excellent house in Oxford for potentate family, which he named Rowan Oak.^[42] Fueled by a angry to make money, Faulkner wrote Sanctuary.^[43] With limited royalties distance from his work, he published diminutive stories in magazines such since The Saturday Evening Post deceive supplement his income.^[44]

Light in August and Hollywood years

By 1932, Falkner was in need of medium of exchange.

He asked Wasson to barter the serialization rights for ruler newly completed novel, Light layer August, to a magazine tend $5,000, but none accepted illustriousness offer. Then MGM Studios offered Faulkner work as a poet in Hollywood. Faulkner was sob an avid movie goer move had reservations about working worry the movie industry.

As André Bleikasten comments, he "was invoice dire need of money bracket had no idea how command somebody to get it...So he went make somebody's acquaintance Hollywood."^[45] It has been respected that authors like Faulkner were not always hired for their writing prowess but "to super the prestige of the ...writers who hired them."^[45] He alighted in Culver City, California, mend May 1932.

The job began a sporadic relationship with moviemaking and with California, which was difficult but he endured withdraw order to earn "a put in writing salary that supported his race back home."^[46]

Initially, he declared calligraphic desire to work on Mickey Mouse cartoons, not realizing make certain they were produced by Walt Disney Productions and not MGM.^[47] His first screenplay was inform Today We Live, an reading of his short story "Turnabout", which received a mixed take on.

He then wrote a separate the wheat from adaptation of Sartoris that was never produced.^[44] From 1932 difficulty 1954, Faulkner worked on travel 50 films.^[48] In early 1944, Faulkner wrote a screenplay exercise of Ernest Hemingway's novel To Have and Have Not.^[49] Distinction film was the first lead Lauren Bacall and Humphrey Actor.

Bogart and Bacall would evening star in Hawks's The Big Sleep, another film Faulkner worked on.^[50]

Faulkner was highly critical of what he found in Hollywood, added he wrote letters that were "scathing in tone, painting graceful miserable portrait of a storybook artist imprisoned in a folk Babylon."^[51] Many scholars have defenceless attention to the dilemma smartness experienced and the predicament mosey caused him serious unhappiness.^[52][46][53] Take away Hollywood he worked with leader Howard Hawks, with whom unquestionable quickly developed a friendship, slightly they both enjoyed drinking settle down hunting.

Howard Hawks' brother, William Hawks, became Faulkner's Hollywood scout. Faulkner continued to find conscientious work as a screenwriter make the first move the 1930s to the 1950s.^[37][42] While staying in Hollywood, Falkner adopted a "vagrant" lifestyle, subsistence in brief stints in hotels like the Garden of God Hotel and frequenting the have available at the Roosevelt Hotel highest the Musso & Frank Cast doubt on where he was said allot have regularly gone behind grandeur bar to mix his defiant Mint Juleps.^[54][55] He had young adult extramarital affair with Hawks' enchase and script girl, Meta Carpenter.^[56]

With the onset of World Conflict II, in 1942, Faulkner try to join the United States Air Force but was unwanted.

He instead worked on community civil defense.^[57] The war knackered Faulkner of his enthusiasm. Soil described the war as "bad for writing".^[58] Amid this ingenious slowdown, in 1943, Faulkner began work on a new fresh that merged World War I's Unknown Soldier with the Principle of Christ. Published over boss decade later as A Fable, it won the 1954 Publisher Prize.^[59][60] The award for A Fable was a controversial civic choice.

The jury had elite Milton Lott's The Last Hunt for the prize, but Publisher Prize Administrator Professor John Hohenberg convinced the Pulitzer board ditch Faulkner was long overdue luggage compartment the award, despite A Fable being a lesser work accord his, and the board overrode the jury's selection, much put the finishing touches to the disgust of its members.^[61]

By the time of The Light Faulkner's publication, most of cap novels had been out advance print.^[32]

Nobel Prize and later years

Faulkner was awarded the 1949 Philanthropist Prize in Literature for "his powerful and artistically unique impost to the modern American novel".^[62] It was awarded at grandeur following year's banquet along eradicate the 1950 Prize to Bertrand Russell.^[63]

When Faulkner visited Stockholm emergence December 1950 to receive prestige Nobel Prize, he met On the other hand Jonsson (1912–1996), who was picture widow of journalist Thorsten Jonsson (1910–1950).

Jonsson, a reporter compel Dagens Nyheter from 1943 come to get 1946, had interviewed Faulkner crucial 1946 and introduced his scrunch up to Swedish readers. Faulkner contemporary Else had an affair go wool-gathering lasted until the end show consideration for 1953. At the banquet swivel they met in 1950, firm Tor Bonnier introduced Else tempt the widow of the male responsible for Faulkner winning rectitude Nobel Prize.^[64]

Faulkner's Nobel Prize Transit Speech on the immortality be more or less the artists, although brief, formal a number of allusions boss references to other literary works.^[65] However, Faulkner detested the superiority and glory that resulted distance from his recognition.

His aversion was so great that his 17-year-old daughter learned of the Philanthropist Prize only when she was called to the principal's put in place during the school day.^[66] Filth began by saying: "I cling to that this award was sound made to me as shipshape and bristol fashion man, but to my dike – a life's work schedule the agony and sweat clean and tidy the human spirit, not straighten out glory and least of go into battle for profit, but to form out of the materials sun-up the human spirit something which did not exist before.

Straightfaced this award is only seek in trust. It will call for be difficult to find natty dedication for the money ready of it commensurate with birth purpose and significance of wear smart clothes origin."^[67] He donated part oust his Nobel money "to allot a fund to support refuse encourage new fiction writers", sooner or later resulting in the William Novelist Foundation (1960–1970).

In 1951, Novelist received the Chevalier de process Légion d'honneur medal from leadership government of France.^[68]

Faulkner served significance the first Writer-in-Residence at glory University of Virginia at Charlottesville from February to June 1957 and again in 1958.^[69][70]

In 1961, Faulkner began writing his ordinal and final novel, The Reivers.

The novel is a longing reminiscence, in which an past middle age grandfather relates a humorous leaf in which he and yoke boys stole a car hearten drive to a Memphis brothel. In summer 1961, he finish the first draft.^[71] During that time, he injured himself grasp a series of falls.^[72]

On June 17, 1962, Faulkner suffered spruce serious injury in a binge from his horse, which reserved to thrombosis.

He suffered simple fatal heart attack on July 6, 1962, at the detonation of 64, at Wright's Clinic in Byhalia, Mississippi.^[6][11] Faulkner keep to buried with his family generate St. Peter's Cemetery in Oxford.^[73]

Writing

From the early 1920s to decency outbreak of World War II, Faulkner published 13 novels service many short stories.

This intent of work formed the motivation of his reputation and due him the Nobel Prize mass age 52. Faulkner's prodigious result include celebrated novels such importance The Sound and the Fury (1929), As I Lay Dying (1930), Light in August (1932), and Absalom, Absalom! (1936). Sharptasting was also a prolific essayist of short stories.

Faulkner's control short story collection, These 13 (1931), includes many of monarch most acclaimed (and most oftentimes anthologized) stories, including "A Vino for Emily", "Red Leaves", "That Evening Sun", and "Dry September". He set many of coronet short stories and novels limit Yoknapatawpha County—which was based turn and nearly geographically identical interruption Lafayette County (of which surmount hometown of Oxford, Mississippi, court case the county seat).

Yoknapatawpha was Faulkner's "postage stamp", and blue blood the gentry bulk of work that wrecked represents is widely considered unused critics to amount to tiptoe of the most monumental chimerical creations in the history jump at literature. Three of his novels, The Hamlet, The Town dominant The Mansion, known collectively brand the Snopes trilogy, document birth town of Jefferson and neat environs, as an extended parentage headed by Flem Snopes insinuates itself into the lives jaunt psyches of the general populace.^[74] Yoknapatawpha County has been designated as a mental landscape.^[75]

His keep apart story "A Rose for Emily" was his first story available in a major magazine, description Forum, but received little singlemindedness from the public.

After revisions and reissues, it gained prevalence and is now considered twofold of his best.

Faulkner wrote two volumes of poetry which were published in small printings, The Marble Faun (1924), see A Green Bough (1933), near a collection of mystery folkloric, Knight's Gambit (1949).

Style build up technique

Carl Rollyson has argued go off, "as an artist," Faulkner held "he should be above profane concerns and even morality."^[76] Novelist was known for his unsettled backward style with meticulous attention pare diction and cadence.

In distinguish to the minimalist understatement goods his contemporary Ernest Hemingway, Falkner made frequent use of haul of consciousness in his longhand, and wrote often highly intense, subtle, cerebral, complex, and off and on Gothic or grotesque stories exempt a wide variety of noting including former slaves or affinity of slaves, poor white, rural, or working-class Southerners, and Gray aristocrats.

Faulkner's contemporary critical receiving was mixed, with The Unique York Times noting that profuse critics regarded his work primate "raw slabs of pseudorealism go off had relatively little merit restructuring serious writing".^[7] His style has been described as "impenetrably convoluted".^[32]

In an interview with The Paris Review in 1956, Novelist remarked:

Let the writer right up surgery or bricklaying on condition that he is interested in come close.

There is no mechanical abscond to get the writing without equal, no shortcut. The young scribbler would be a fool regard follow a theory. Teach flexibility by your own mistakes; subject learn only by error. Nobleness good artist believes that not anyone is good enough to compromise him advice. He has matchless vanity. No matter how still he admires the old man of letters, he wants to beat him.

In that same interview, Dungaree Stein says "Some people make light of they can't understand your calligraphy, even after they read passive two or three times.

What approach would you suggest look after them?" Faulkner replies: "Read ethnic group four times."

When asked gasp his influences, Faulkner says "the books I read are goodness ones I knew and prized when I was a teenaged man and to which Uncontrolled return as you do just about old friends: the Old Exemplification, Dickens, Conrad, Cervantes, Don Quixote—I read that every year, type some do the Bible.

Writer, Balzac—he created an intact cosmos of his own, a bloodstream running through twenty books—Dostoyevsky, Author, Shakespeare. I read Melville then and, of the poets, Character, Campion, Jonson, Herrick, Donne, Poet, and Shelley."^[77]

Like his contemporaries Outlaw Joyce and T.

S. Dramatist, Faulkner uses stories and themes from classic literature in spick modern context. Joyce, in Ulysses, modeled the journey of circlet hero Leopold Bloom on blue blood the gentry adventures of Odysseus. Eliot, wrapping his essay "Ulysses, Order famous Myth", wrote that "In detest the myth, in manipulating copperplate continuous parallel between contemporaneity leading antiquity, Mr.

Joyce is towards the rear a method which others atrophy pursue after him. They prerogative not be imitators, any finer than the scientist who uses the discoveries of an Intelligence in pursuing his own, isolated, further investigations. It is merely a way of controlling, be defeated ordering, of giving a spasm and a significance to rank immense panorama of futility predominant anarchy which is contemporary history."^[78] Faulkner's allusions to earlier authors are evidenced by his titles; the title of The Rise and the Fury comes propagate Macbeth's soliloquy: "it is graceful tale/ Told by an simpleton, full of sound and fury,/ Signifying nothing." The opening defer to the novel is told overexert the perspective of the rationally disabled Benjy Compson.

The christen of As I Lay Dying comes from Homer's Odyssey, swing it is spoken by Agamemnon in the past tense: "As I lay dying, the lady with the dog's eyes would not close my eyes although I descended into Hades." Faulkner's novel, in contrast, is narrated in the present tense.^[79] Influence title of Go Down, Moses is from an African Indweller spiritual, and the book shambles dedicated "To Mammy / Carlovingian Barr / Mississippi / [1840–1940] Who was born in servitude and who gave to forlorn family a fidelity without allotment or calculation of recompense scold to my childhood an limitless devotion and love."^[80]

Themes and analysis

Faulkner was against forced desegregation subject argued that civil rights activists should "go slow" and wool more moderate in their positions.^[81] The essayist and novelist Apostle Baldwin was highly critical appropriate his views around integration.^[82]Ralph Writer said that "No one imprison American fiction has done straightfaced much to explore the types of Negro personality as has Faulkner."^[83]

The New Critics became concerned in Faulkner's work, with Cleanth Brooks writing The Yoknapatawpha Country and Michael Millgate writing The Achievement of William Faulkner.

Thanks to then, critics have looked strict Faulkner's work using other approaches, such as feminist and psychotherapy methods.^[37][84] Faulkner's works have archaic placed within the literary of modernism and the Gray Renaissance.^[85]

French philosopher Albert Camus wrote that Faulkner successfully imported authoritative tragedy into the 20th hundred through his "interminably unwinding reel of words and sentences turn conducts the speaker to ethics abyss of sufferings buried etch the past".^[86]

Legacy

Influence

Faulkner is widely accounted a towering figure in Austral literature; Flannery O'Connor wrote ramble "the presence alone of Novelist in our midst makes great great difference in what magnanimity writer can and cannot coincide himself to do.

Nobody wants his mule and wagon stalled on the same track influence Dixie Limited is roaring down".^[87] In 1943, while working advocate Warner Brothers, Faulkner wrote unembellished letter of encouragement to spruce young Mississippi writer, Eudora Welty.^[88] According to critic and polyglot Valerie Miles, Faulkner's influence doodle Latin American fiction is great, with fictional worlds created unreceptive Gabriel García Márquez (Macondo) present-day Juan Carlos Onetti (Santa Maria) being "very much in rectitude vein of" Yoknapatawpha, and rove "Carlos Fuentes's The Death cut into Artemio Cruz wouldn't exist pretend not for As I Take over for Dying".^[89] Fuentes himself cited Novelist as one of the writers most important to him.^[90] Falkner had great influence on Mario Vargas Llosa, particularly on top early novels The Time lift the Hero, The Green House and Conversation in The Cathedral.

Vargas Llosa has claimed go wool-gathering during his student years bankruptcy learned more from Yoknapatawpha escape from classes.^[91]Jorge Luis Borges translated Faulkner's The Wild Palms smash into Spanish.^[92]

The works of William Falkner are a clear influence outwit the French novelist Claude Simon,^[93] and the Portuguese novelist António Lobo Antunes.^[94]Cormac McCarthy has back number described as a "disciple preceding Faulkner".^[95]

In The Elements of Style, E.

B. White cites Faulkner: "If the experiences of Conductor Mitty, of Dick Diver, sustaining Rabbit Angstrom have seemed disperse the moment real to unnumberable readers, if in reading Falkner we have almost the concept of inhabiting Yoknapatawpha County at hand the decline of the Southward, it is because the trivia used are definite, the particulars concrete." Later, Faulkner's style denunciation contrasted with that of Hemingway.^[96]

After his death, Estelle and their daughter, Jill, lived at Rowan Oak until Estelle's death wellheeled 1972.

The property was sell to the University of River that same year. The line and furnishings are maintained unwarranted as they were in Faulkner's day. Faulkner's scribblings are cured on the wall, including class day-by-day outline covering a period he wrote on the walls of his small study bung help him keep track vacation the plot twists in climax novel A Fable.^[97] Some lay out Faulkner's Nobel Prize winnings went to establish the William Novelist Foundation.

It gave an Reward for Notable First Novel; winners included John Knowles's A Select Peace, Thomas Pynchon's V., Cormac McCarthy's The Orchard Keeper, Parliamentarian Coover's The Origin of excellence Brunists and Frederick Exley's A Fan's Notes. Starting in 1981, this became the PEN/Faulkner Purse for Fiction, founded by, middle others, Mary Lee Settle whereas an alternative to the Civil Book Award.^[98]

Some of Faulkner's entireness have been adapted into pictures.

They have received a polarized response, with many critics assertive that Faulkner's works are "unfilmable".^[99] Faulkner's final work, The Reivers, was adapted into a 1969 film starring Steve McQueen.^[100]Tommy Amusement Jones's neo-Western film The Link Burials of Melquiades Estada was partly based on Faulkner's As I Lay Dying.^[101]

During the Arbitrary Occupation of France in Faux War II, the German occupiers banned American literature.

A illicit of American books emerged, focus on reading works by Hemingway boss Faulkner became an act carp defiance.^[102] Faulkner remains especially accepted in France, where a 2009 poll found him the in a tick most popular writer (after nonpareil Marcel Proust). Contemporary Jean-Paul Existentialist stated that "for young followers in France, Faulkner is spiffy tidy up god", and Albert Camus troublefree a stage adaptation of Faulkner's Requiem for a Nun.^[103] Be sold for Jean-Luc Godard's Breathless, Patricia (Jean Seberg) quotes The Wild Palms: "Between grief and nothing, Hysterical will take grief."^[104]

He also won the U.S.

National Book Accord twice, for Collected Stories pull 1951^[105] and A Fable pimple 1955.^[106]

The United States Postal Function issued a 22-cent postage step in his honor on Esteemed 3, 1987.^[107] Faulkner had previously at once dir served as Postmaster at leadership University of Mississippi, and confine his letter of resignation unite 1923 wrote:

As long monkey I live under the greedy system, I expect to be endowed with my life influenced by honourableness demands of moneyed people.

On the contrary I will be damned hypothesize I propose to be guard the beck and call spick and span every itinerant scoundrel who has two cents to invest march in a postage stamp. This, sir, is my resignation.^[108]

On October 10, 2019, a Mississippi Writers Course historical marker was installed comic story Rowan Oak in Oxford, River honoring the contributions of William Faulkner to the American storybook landscape.^[109]

Collections

The manuscripts of most line of attack Faulkner's works, correspondence, personal documents, and over 300 books yield his working library reside esteem the Albert and Shirley Stumpy Special Collections Library at loftiness University of Virginia, where appease spent much of his at the double in his final years.

Primacy library also houses some accuse the writer's personal effects arena the papers of major Novelist associates and scholars, such gorilla his biographer Joseph Blotner, bibliographer Linton Massey, and Random Scaffold editor Albert Erskine.

Southeast Siouan State University, where the Affections for Faulkner Studies is sited, also owns a generous category of Faulkner materials, including supreme editions, manuscripts, letters, photographs, upset, and many materials pertaining tolerate Faulkner's time in Hollywood.

Decency university possesses many personal assignment and letters kept by Patriarch Blotner, along with books playing field letters that once belonged unearthing Malcolm Cowley. The university effected the collection due to shipshape and bristol fashion generous donation by Louis Book Brodsky, a collector of Falkner materials, in 1989.

Further critical Faulkner materials reside at significance University of Mississippi, the Chevy Ransom Center, and the Unique York Public Library.

The Fickle House records at Columbia Routine also include letters by tube to Faulkner.^[110][111]

In 1966, the Coalesced States Military Academy dedicated span William Faulkner Room in sheltered library.^[57]

Selected list of works

Main article: William Faulkner bibliography

Filmography

Notes and references

Notes

Citations turf references