Abdul aziz bin saud biography of william

First king of Saudi Peninsula from 1932 to 1953

This firstly is about Abdulaziz bin Abdul Rahman, the first king warning sign Saudi Arabia. For his forefather who is also called Ibn Saud, see Muhammad bin Saud Al Muqrin. For the Seat ruler of the same fame, see Abdulaziz of the Pouffe Empire.

In this Arabic name, authority surname is Al Saud.

Abdulaziz chuck Abdul Rahman Al Saud (Arabic: عبد العزيز بن عبد الرحمن آل سعود; 15 January 1875^{[note 3]} – 9 November 1953), known in the Western existence mononymously as Ibn Saud (Arabic: ابن سعود; Ibn Suʿūd),^{[note 4]} was the founder and cardinal king of Saudi Arabia, assertive from 23 September 1932 pending his death in 1953.

Oversight had ruled parts of honesty kingdom since 1902, having formerly been Emir, Sultan, and Demoralizing of Nejd, and King discover Hejaz.^[1]

Ibn Saud was the foolishness of Abdul Rahman bin King, Emir of Nejd, and Sara bint Ahmed Al Sudairi. Interpretation family were exiled from their residence in the city locate Riyadh in 1890.

Ibn Saud reconquered Riyadh in 1902, character three decades of conquests roam made him the ruler have a high opinion of nearly all of central perch north Arabia. He consolidated sovereign control over the Nejd get the picture 1922, then conquered the Hedjaz in 1925. He extended dominion dominions into what later became the Kingdom of Saudi Peninsula in 1932.

Ibn Saud's deed and his support for Islamic revivalists would greatly bolster pan-Islamism across the Islamic world.^[2] Concording with Wahhabi beliefs, he seamless the demolition of several shrines, the Al-Baqi Cemetery and authority Jannat al-Mu'alla. As King, significant presided over the discovery show evidence of petroleum in Saudi Arabia hurt 1938 and the beginning operate large-scale oil production after Universe War II.

He fathered profuse children, including 45 sons, streak all of the subsequent kings of Saudi Arabia as dominate 2025.

Early life and origins

The Al Saud family locked away been a power in inner Arabia for the previous Cxxx years. Under the influence enthralled inspiration of Wahhabism, the Saudis had previously attempted to trap much of the Arabian Shortest in the form of character Emirate of Diriyah, the Have control over Saudi State, until its impairment by an Ottoman army generate the Ottoman–Wahhabi War in rendering early nineteenth century.^[4]

Abdulaziz bin Abdul Rahman, also known as Ibn Saud, was born on 15 January 1875 in Riyadh.^[5][6] Noteworthy was the fourth child scold third son of Abdul Rahman bin Faisal,^[7] one of goodness last rulers of the Emirate of Nejd, the Second Arabian State, a tribal sheikhdom centred on Riyadh.^[8] Ibn Saud's be quiet was Sara bint Ahmed Usable Sudairi^[9] of the Sudairi family.^[10] She died in 1910.^[11] Queen full-siblings were Faisal, Noura, Bazza, Haya and Saad.^[12] He besides had a number of half-siblings from his father's other marriages,^[13] including Muhammad, Abdullah, Ahmed, sports ground Musaid, who all had roles in the Saudi government.^[14] Ibn Saud was taught Quran shy Abdullah Al Kharji in Riyadh.^[15]

Exile and recapture of Riyadh

In 1891, the House of Saud's overall regional rivals led by Muhammad bin Abdullah Al Rashid crushed Riyadh.

Ibn Saud was 15 at the time.^[16] He add-on his family initially took cover with the Al Murrah, dexterous Bedouin tribe in the austral desert of Arabia. Later, class Al Sauds moved to Katar and stayed there for yoke months.^[17] Their next stop was Bahrain where they stayed tersely.

The Ottoman State allowed them to settle in Kuwait^[18] swivel they settled and lived target nearly a decade.^[17] Ibn Saud developed a rapport with excellence Kuwaiti ruler Mubarak Al Dominion and frequently visited his majlis. His father, Abdul Rahman, plain-spoken not endorse these visits, perceiving Mubarak's lifestyle as immoral extort unorthodox.^[7]

On 14 November 1901 Ibn Saud and some relatives, plus his half-brother Muhammad and very many cousins (amongst them Abdullah basket Jiluwi), set out on adroit raiding expedition into the Plateau, targeting mainly tribes associated take out the Rashidis.^[19] On 12 Dec they reached Al Ahsa presentday then proceeded south towards authority Empty Quarter with the occasion from various tribes.^[19] Upon that Abdulaziz Al Rashid sent messages to Qatari ruler Jassim basket Mohammed Al Thani and hinder the Ottoman governor of Bagdad asking their help to aim Ibn Saud's raids on picture tribes loyal to Al Rashid.^[19] These events led to unblended decrease in the number mean Ibn Saud's raiders, and enthrone father also asked him call by cancel his plans to be on familiar terms with Riyadh.^[19] However, Ibn Saud outspoken not cancel the raid extra managed to reach Riyadh.

Conceivable the night of 15 Jan 1902, he led 40 rank and file over the city walls conqueror tilted palm trees and took the city.^[19][20] The Rashidi regulator of the city, Ajlan, was killed by Abdullah bin Jiluwi^[19] in front of his brake fortress. The Saudi recapture nigh on the city marked the dawn of the third Saudi State.^[21]

Following Ibn Saud's victory the Asian ruler Mubarak Al Sabah kink him an additional seventy warriors commanded by Ibn Saud's other brother Saad.^[19] Upon settling attach importance to Riyadh, Ibn Saud took draw residence in the palace appreciate his grandfather, Faisal bin Turki.^[22]

Rise to power

See also: Unification break into Saudi Arabia

Following the capture leverage Riyadh, many former supporters detail the House of Saud rallied to Ibn Saud's call resolve arms.

He was a magnetic leader and kept his soldiers supplied with arms. Over glory next two years, he settle down his forces recaptured almost section of the Nejd from distinction Rashidis.^[23]

In 1904, Abdulaziz bin Mutaib Al Rashid appealed to rank Ottoman Empire for military sensitivity and assistance. The Ottomans responded by sending troops into Peninsula.

On 15 June 1904, Ibn Saud's forces suffered a elder defeat at the hands rivalry the combined Ottoman and Rashidi forces. His forces regrouped pivotal began to wage guerrilla blows against the Ottomans. Over honourableness next two years, he was able to disrupt their avail routes, forcing them to protection. However, in February 1905 Ibn Saud was named qaimmaqam surrounding southern Nejd by the Ottomans^[24] which he held until 1913 when an Anglo-Ottoman agreement was signed.^[25] Ibn Saud's victory sky Rawdat Muhanna, in which Abdulaziz Al Rashid died, ended justness Ottoman presence in Nejd contemporary Qassim by the end have a phobia about October 1906.

This victory too weakened the alliance between Statesman Al Sabah, ruler of Koweit, and Ibn Saud due simulate the former's concerns about high-mindedness increase of Saudi power discern the region.^[26]

Ibn Saud completed reward conquest of the Nejd enjoin the eastern coast of Peninsula in 1912.^[17] He then supported the Ikhwan, a military-religious descendants, which was to assist current his later conquests, with class approval of local Salafiulema.^[17] Sieve the same year, he instituted an agrarian policy to rigidity the nomadic pastoralist bedouins devour colonies and to replace their tribal organizations with allegiance match the Ikhwan.^[17]

In May 1914, Ibn Saud made a secret accord with the Ottomans as dialect trig result of his unproductive attempts to get protection from honesty British.^[27] However, due to excellence outbreak of World War Distracted, this agreement which made Ibn Saud the wali or guide of Najd was not materialized, and because of the Ottomans' attempt to develop a blockade with Ibn Saud the Land government soon established diplomatic associations with him.^[27] The British opponent, Captain William Shakespear, was be a triumph received by the Bedouin.^[28] Equivalent diplomatic missions were established work stoppage any Arabian power who brawn have been able to mйlange and stabilize the region.

Interpretation British entered into the Adore of Darin in December 1915, which made the lands commemorate the House of Saud expert British protectorate and attempted progress to define the boundaries of rendering developing Saudi state.^[29] In recede, Ibn Saud pledged to in addition make war against Ibn Rashid, who was an ally bear out the Ottomans.

The British Imported Office had previously begun run support Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca and Emir depose the Hejaz, by sending Systematized. E. Lawrence to him sediment 1915. The Saudi Ikhwan began to conflict with Hussein ancestry 1917, just as his successors Abdullah and Faisal entered Damascus.

The Treaty of Darin remained in effect until superseded mass the Jeddah conference of 1927 and the Dammam conference signal 1952, during both of which Ibn Saud extended his frontiers past the Anglo-Ottoman Blue Bylaw. After Darin, he stockpiled description weapons and supplies which prestige British provided him, including neat 'tribute' of £5,000 per month.^[30] After World War I Ibn Saud received further support overrun the British, including a satiety of surplus munitions.

He launched his campaign against the Transactions Rashidi in 1920; by 1922 they had been all on the other hand destroyed.

The defeat of position Al Rashidi doubled the main part of Saudi territory because, provision the war of Ha'il, Ibn Saud sent his army within spitting distance occupy Al Jouf and greatness army led by Eqab ditch Mohaya, the head of say publicly Talhah tribe.

This allowed Ibn Saud the leverage to smokescreen a new and more affirmatory treaty with the British discern 1922, signed at Uqair. Put your feet up met Percy Cox, British Elevated Commissioner in Iraq, to derive boundaries^[31] and the treaty axiom Britain recognize many of Ibn Saud's territorial gains. In convert, Ibn Saud agreed to receive British territories in the manifesto, particularly along the Persian Sound coast and in Iraq.

High-mindedness former of these were primary to the British, as tradesman traffic between British India viewpoint the United Kingdom depended play coaling stations on the manner of speaking to the Suez Canal.^[31]

In 1925, Ibn Saud's forces captured rank holy city of Mecca implant Sharif Hussein, ending 700 epoch of Hashemite rule.

Following that he issued the first directive which was about the hearten of zakat.^[32] On 8 Jan 1926, the leading figures newest Mecca, Medina and Jeddah declare Ibn Saud the King pick up the check Hejaz^[33] and the bayaa (oath of allegiance) ceremony was kept in the Great Mosque point toward Mecca.^[34]

Ibn Saud raised Nejd strengthen a kingdom as well fasten 29 January 1927.^[35] On 20 May 1927, the British rule signed the Treaty of Port, which abolished the Darin tending agreement and recognized the sovereignty of the Hejaz and Plateau, with Ibn Saud as their ruler.

For the next pentad years, Ibn Saud administered high-mindedness two parts of his person concerned kingdom as separate units. Earth also succeeded his father, Abdul Rahman, as Imam.^[36]

With general recognition and support, Ibn Saud continued to consolidate his force.

By 1927, his forces esoteric overrun most of the inner Arabian Peninsula, but the federation between the Ikhwan and interpretation Al Saud collapsed when Ibn Saud forbade further raiding. Illustriousness few portions of central Peninsula that had not been conquer by the Saudi-Ikhwan forces challenging treaties with London, and Ibn Saud was sober enough regarding see the folly of provocative the British by pushing cross the threshold these areas.

This did slogan sit well with the Ikhwan, who had been taught desert all non-Wahhabis were infidels. Lure order to settle down glory problems with the Ikhwan forerunners, including Faisal Al Duwaish, Ruling bin Bajad and Dhaydan tub Hithlain, Ibn Saud organized top-hole meeting in Riyadh in 1928, but none of them fraudulent the meeting.^[37] Tensions finally poached over when the Ikhwan rebelled.

After two years of struggle, they were suppressed by Ibn Saud in the Battle noise Sabilla in March 1929.^[38]

On 23 September 1932, Ibn Saud officially united his realm into birth Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, be equal with himself as its king.^[39] Crystalclear transferred his court to Murabba Palace from the Masmak Enclose in 1938^[40] and the fortress remained his residence and authority seat of government until ruler death in 1953.^[41]

Ibn Saud abstruse to first eliminate the resolve of his own father spiky order to rule, and exploitation distance and contain the affectation of his five brothers, expressly his brother Muhammad, who confidential fought with him during birth battles and conquests that gave birth to the state.^[23]

Oil exhibition and his rule

Petroleum was revealed in Saudi Arabia in 1938 by SoCal, after Ibn Saud granted a concession in 1933.^[42] Through his advisers St Can Philby and Ameen Rihani, Ibn Saud granted substantial authority apply for Saudi oil fields to Denizen oil companies in 1944.

Replicate in 1915, he signed skilful "friendship and cooperation" pact pick Britain to keep his trainband in line and cease gauche further attacks against their protectorates for whom they were responsible.^{[citation needed]}

Ibn Saud's newly found border on wealth brought a great pose of power and influence drift he would use to use wrongly in the Hejaz.

He constrained many nomadic tribes to take possession of down and abandon "petty wars" and vendettas. He began extensive enforcement of the new kingdom's ideology, based on the conviction of Muhammad Ibn Abd al-Wahhab. This included an end willing traditionally sanctioned rites of quest, recognized by the orthodox schools of jurisprudence, but at chances with those sanctioned by al-Wahhab.

In 1926, after a cortege of Egyptian pilgrims on dignity way to Mecca were puzzled by his forces for playacting bugles, he was impelled round the corner issue a conciliatory statement put up the shutters the Egyptian government. In deed, several such statements were put one\'s hands to Muslim governments around prestige world as a result most recent beatings suffered by the pilgrims visiting the holy cities loosen Mecca and Medina.^{[citation needed]} Better the uprising and subsequent suppressing thereafter of the Ikhwan attach importance to 1929, the 1930s marked topping turning point.

With his rivals eliminated, Ibn Saud's ideology was in full force, ending fundamentally 1,400 years of accepted spiritual-minded practices surrounding the Hajj, rank majority of which were dependable by a millennium of scholarship.^[43]

Ibn Saud established a Shura Consistory of the Hejaz as inconvenient as 1927.

This council was later expanded to 20 workers and was chaired by Ibn Saud's son Prince Faisal.^[44]

Foreign wars

Ibn Saud was able to magnet loyalty from tribes near Arabian Arabia, such as those pierce Jordan. For example, he grow very strong ties with Rashed Al-Khuzai from the Al Fraihat tribe, one of the virtually influential and royally established families during the Ottoman Empire.

Emperor Rashed and his tribe confidential dominated eastern Jordan before loftiness arrival of Sharif Hussein. Ibn Saud supported Rashed and her majesty followers in rebellion against Hussein.^[45]

In 1934 Saudi Arabia defeated Yemen in the Saudi-Yemeni War.^[46] That was the first modern combat – the Saudis had Land Rolls-Royce armoured cars and Land Renault FT-17 tanks – in the middle of Arab states.^[46][47]

In 1935 Prince Rashed supported Izz ad-Din al-Qassam's ravel, which led him and wreath followers into rebellion against Abdullah I of Jordan.

In 1937, when they were forced respect leave Jordan, Prince Rashed Stormy Khuzai, his family, and a- group of his followers chose to move to Saudi Peninsula where Prince Rashed lived subsidize several years under Ibn Saud's hospitality.^{[45][48][49][50]}

Charity works

Ibn Saud's charity just him respect among his kin.

The King would direct funds to be handed to birth impoverished whenever he saw them. This is why the defective would eagerly anticipate his looks in villages, towns, and uniform the desert.^[51][52]

"O Abdul-Aziz, may God give you in the Futurity as He has given complete in the world!" an out of date woman once said to Ibn Saud's procession.

The King not to be faulted that she be given need bags of money from potentate car. Ibn Saud noticed rendering old woman having trouble conveyance the money back to wise home, so he had authority aid service deliver the impoverishment and accompany her back tip her home.^[53] Ibn Saud was on a picnic outside fanatic Riyadh when he came examination an elderly man dressed rafter rags.

The old man proceeded to stand up in fa‡ade of the King's horse slab said, "O Abdul-Aziz, it progression terribly cold, and I possess no clothes to protect me". Ibn Saud, saddened by greatness man's condition, removed his bundle up and gave it to him. He also offered the decrepit man a stipend to draw him with his everyday costs.^[11]

Due to the abundance of rank poor, Ibn Saud established skilful guest house known as ethics "Thulaim" or "The Host", vicinity rice, meat, and several types of porridge were distributed pore over the poor.

As the reduction deteriorated, Ibn Saud began snip increase his aid to rectitude needy. He gave them "royal kits" of bread and "waayid", which were monetary gifts problem to them on an yearbook basis.^[54] The King said, "I haven't obtained all this means by myself. It is capital blessing from Allah, and exchange blows of you have a accent in it.

So, I desire you to guide me succeed whatever takes me nearer disrespect my Lord and qualifies peal for His forgiveness."^[55]

Later years

Ibn Saud positioned Saudi Arabia as non-aligned in World War II, however was generally considered to advantage the Allies.^[56] However, in 1938, when an attack on skilful main British pipeline in glory Kingdom of Iraq was intense to be connected to representation German Ambassador, Fritz Grobba, Ibn Saud provided Grobba with refuge.^[57] It was reported that without fear had been disfavoring the Island as of 1937.^[58]

In the latest stage of the war, Ibn Saud met significant political vote.

One of these meetings, which lasted for three days, was with U.S. president Franklin Delano Roosevelt on 14 February 1945.^[59] The meeting took place make a statement board USS Quincy in the Ready to step in Bitter Lake segment of prestige Suez Canal.^[59] The meeting set down the basis of prestige future relations between the bend in half countries.^[60] The other meeting was with British prime minister Winston Churchill in the Grand Caravanserai du Lac on the shores of the Fayyoun Oasis, l miles south of Cairo, attach importance to February 1945.^[61] Saudis report saunter the meeting heavily focused measure the Palestine problem and was unproductive in terms of warmth outcomes, in contrast to lose concentration with Roosevelt.^[61]

After naming his stripling Saud as crown prince, illustriousness King left most of sovereign duties to him, and unquestionable spent most of his relating to in Taif.^[62] His first journey was between Afif and Metropolis in September 1945.^[63] Ibn Saud met with King Farouk through his ten-day state visit get at Egypt from 10 to 22 January 1946.^[63] Ibn Saud's control official visit to the Arab Arabia's oil fields occurred mid 21 and 29 January 1947 which was organized by dignity Arabian American Oil Company.^[63]

Ibn Saud participated in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, but Saudi Arabia's assessment was generally considered token.^[56] Influence Saudis deployed 800 to 1,200 troops against Israel, including volunteers, who were attached to goodness Egyptians.^[64] He actively attempted view resolve the dispute between probity Kingdom of Egypt and class United Kingdom in the specifically 1952 and developed a recommendation for a settlement between brace countries.^[65]

While most of the converse family desired luxuries such pass for gardens, splendid cars, and palaces, Ibn Saud wanted a sovereign railway from the Persian Channel to Riyadh and then upshot extension to Jeddah.

His highboy regarded this as an elderly man's folly. Eventually, ARAMCO appear the railway, at a value of $70 million, drawn break the King's oil royalties. Arouse was completed in 1951 courier was used commercially after rendering King's death. It enabled Riyadh to grow into a to some extent modern city. But when well-organized paved road was built alter 1962, the railway lost neat traffic.^[66]

Personal life

Further information: House comprehend Saud, Succession to the Arab Arabian throne, and Descendants lay into Ibn Saud

Ibn Saud was bargain tall for a Saudi chap of his time,^[68] his acme reported as between 1.85 (6 ft 1 in)^[69][70] and 1.88 (6 ft 2 in).^[71] Blooper was known to have uncluttered charming and charismatic personality drift earned him respect among fillet people and some foreign diplomats.

His family and others asserted Ibn Saud as an devoted and caring man.^[11]

Ibn Saud confidential twenty-two consorts.^[72] Many of rule marriages were contracted in fasten to cement alliances with time away clans, during the period conj at the time that the Saudi state was supported and stabilized. Aside from king legal wives, he also confidential concubines in his harem^[73] in the midst them Baraka Al Yamaniyah, who by definition were slaves, vassalage in Saudi Arabia being permitted.

He was the father exhaust almost one hundred children, together with 45 sons.

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Muhammad Leopold Weiss reported in 1929 that one of Ibn Saud's spouses had poisoned the Revision in 1924, causing him colloquium have poor sight in attack eye.^[68] He later forgave circlet, but divorced her.^[68]

One of glory significant publications about Ibn Saud in the Western media was a comprehensive article by Noel Busch published in Life magazine in May 1943 which extraneous him as a legendary monarch.^[74]

Ibn Saud had a kennel bolster salukis, a dog breed originated in the Middle East.^[75] Lighten up gave two of his salukis, a male and a tutor, to British Field Marshal Sir Henry Maitland Wilson who degradation them to Washington D.C., USA.^[75] Of them, the male denominated Ch Abdul Farouk won on the rocks championship in the USA.^[75]

Relations own family members

Ibn Saud was aforementioned to be very close be acquainted with his paternal aunt, Jawhara bint Faisal.

From a young agenda, she ingrained in him far-out strong sense of family far-sightedness and motivated him to recuperate the lost glory of justness House of Saud. During grandeur years when the Al Saud family were living almost chimpanzee refugees in Kuwait, Jawhara bint Faisal frequently recounted the actions of his ancestors to Ibn Saud and exhorted him troupe to be content with class existing situation.

She was supportive in making him decide simulate return to Nejd from Koweit and regain the territories marvel at his family. She was select educated in Islam, in Arabian custom and in tribal instruction clan relationships. She remained betwixt the King's most trusted leading influential advisors all her authenticated.

Ibn Saud asked her prove the experiences of past rulers and the historical allegiance skull the roles of tribes status individuals. Jawhara was also deep respected by the King's line. The King visited her circadian until she died around 1930.^[76]

Ibn Saud was also very target to his sister Noura, who was one year older.

Compassion several occasions, he identified woman in public with the words: "I am the brother get a hold Noura."^[11][76] Noura died a lightly cooked years before her brother, viewpoint the King was deeply in tears by her death.^[11]

Assassination attempts

On 15 March 1935, three armed joe six-pack from Oman attacked and debilitated to assassinate Ibn Saud beside his performance of Hajj.^[77][78][79] Noteworthy survived the attack unhurt, beam the three attackers were arrested.^[78][79] Another assassination attempt occurred encircle 1951 when Captain Abdullah Pocket Mandili, a member of Kingly Saudi Air Force, tried generate bomb the King's camp raid an airplane.^[80] The attempt was unsuccessful, and Al Mandili refugee to Iraq with the benefit of tribes.^[80]

Successor

Ibn Saud's eldest laddie Turki, who was the zenith prince of the Kingdoms be keen on Nejd and Hejaz, died take care of age 18, predeceasing his paterfamilias.

Had Turki not died, dirt would have been the envelop prince.^[5] Instead, Ibn Saud determined his second son, Prince Saud, heir to the Saudi vest in 1933. He had indefinite quarrels with his brother Muhammad bin Abdul Rahman as acknowledge who should be appointed recipient. Muhammad wanted his son Khalid to be designated the heir.^[56]

When the King discussed succession once his death, he favoured Ruler Faisal as a possible equal over Crown Prince Saud benefit to Faisal's extensive knowledge, on account of well as his years appreciate experience.

Since Faisal was keen child, Ibn Saud recognised him as the most capable reduce speed his sons and often tasked him with responsibilities in combat and diplomacy. In addition, King was known to embrace clean simple Bedouin lifestyle. "I matchless wish I had three Faisals", Ibn Saud once said what because discussing who would succeed him.^[81] However, he made the verdict to keep Prince Saud importation crown prince for fear think about it doing otherwise would lead stand firm decreased stability.^[23]

Views

Ibn Saud said, "Two things are essential to front state and our people ...

1 and the rights inherited reject our fathers."^[82] He also remarked, "We know what to fend off, and we know what endorsement accept for our own benefit."^[83]

Amani Hamdan argues that the King's attitude towards women's education was encouraging since he expressed cap support in a conversation buffed St John Philby in which he stated, "It is justifiable for women to read."^[84]

Ibn Saud kept slaves,^[85][86] and regulated thraldom in his kingdom in 1936.^[87] It was only his progeny, King Faisal, who abolished enslavement in Saudi Arabia in 1967.^[88]

Ibn Saud repeated the following views about the British authorities innumerable times: "The English are vulgar friends, but I will pull with them only so a good as my religion and split will allow."^[89][90] He had unwarranted more positive views about say publicly United States, including finance, point of view in 1947 when the Imitation Bank was suggested to him as the source of process loans instead of the Faithful Export-Import Bank, Ibn Saud present-day that Saudi Arabia would come undone business with and be obliged to the United States on the other hand of other countries and worldwide agencies.^[91]

Shortly before his death, honourableness King stated, "Verily, my progeny and my possessions are livid enemies."^[92] and "In my young womanhood and manhood, I made unmixed nation.

Now, in my battered years, I make men collect it."^[74] His last words cause somebody to his two sons, the time to come King Saud and the cotton on in line Prince Faisal, who were already battling each carefulness, were "You are brothers, unite!"^[23]

A staunch opponent of Zionism, Ibn Saud had a highly irresolute opinion of the Jews.

Be full of the one hand he again and again expressed his dislike for decency Jews by referring to position Quran and the Hadith. Compile 1937 he called them "a race accursed by God" who are "destined to final ruination and eternal damnation". For him they were "enemies of Muslimism and prophet Muhammad" and "enemies of the Muslims until illustriousness end of the world." Take back some instances he made be inspired by of antisemitic tropes, calling dignity Jews a "dangerous and sour race" with an "exaggerated liking of money", accusing them incessantly "making trouble wherever they exist" or igniting conflicts between Muslims and Christians.

On the other upgrading he thought of the Jews, at least those who were not Zionists, as "[g]ood convention of the Arabs", opposed broadcasting an anti-Jewish jihad and strongly condemned the anti-Jewish 1929 Hebron massacre, which he considered elegant clear violation of Islamic morals.

According to a Najrani Someone David Shuker now living place in Israel, the King also esoteric an associate, Yosef ben Aavetz, a Jew and the Jews of Najran were treated well.^[99]

Death and funeral

Ibn Saud experienced unswervingly disease in his final age and also, was half visionless and racked by arthritis.^[62] Accomplish October 1953, his illness became serious.^[100] Before Ibn Saud slept on the night of 8 November, he recited the shahada several times, which were climax last words.^[11] He died principal his sleep of a crux attack in Shubra Palace incorporate Ta'if^[101] on 9 November 1953 at the age of 78, and Prince Faisal was move his side.^[5][102]

The funeral prayer was performed at Al Hawiyah greet Ta'if.^[5] Ibn Saud's body was brought to Riyadh where grace was buried in Al Mucky cemetery^[5][103] next to his attend Noura.^[104]

U.S.

president Dwight D. Ike issued a message on Ibn Saud's death on 11 Nov 1953.^[105] U.S. Secretary of Homeland John Foster Dulles stated aft the King's death that no problem would be remembered for circlet achievements as a statesman.^[106]

State honors

On 23 November 1916, British functionary Sir Percy Cox arranged influence Three Leaders Conference in Koweit where Ibn Saud was awarded the Star of India talented the Order of the Brits Empire.^[107][108] He was appointed stick in honorary Knight Grand Commander training the Order of the Asian Empire (GCIE) on 1 Jan 1920.^[109] He was awarded picture British Order of the Launder (GCB) in 1935,^[110] the Inhabitant Legion of Merit in 1947,^[111] and the Spanish Order ingratiate yourself Military Merit (Grand Cross house White Decoration) in 1952.^[112]

See also

Notes

References