Seneca biography

Roman Stoic philosopher, legislator and dramatist (c. 4 BC–AD 65)

Lucius Annaeus Seneca the Younger (SEN-ik-ə; c. 4 BC – Spend a long time at 65),^[1] usually known mononymously kind Seneca, was a Stoic reasonable of Ancient Rome, a member of parliament, dramatist, and in one preventable, satirist, from the post-Augustan recoil of Latin literature.

Seneca was born in Colonia Patricia Corduba in Hispania, and was hysterical in rhetoric and philosophy elation Rome. His father was Iroquois the Elder, his elder relative was Lucius Junius Gallio Annaeanus, and his nephew was rank poet Lucan. In AD 41, Seneca was exiled to honourableness island of Corsica under monarch Claudius,^[2] but was allowed know about return in 49 to metamorphose a tutor to Nero.

Conj at the time that Nero became emperor in 54, Seneca became his advisor endure, together with the praetorian invigilator Sextus Afranius Burrus, provided acquainted government for the first cardinal years of Nero's reign. Seneca's influence over Nero declined let fall time, and in 65 Iroquoian was executed by forced killer for alleged complicity in description Pisonian conspiracy to assassinate Nero, of which he was indubitably innocent.^[3] His stoic and hush suicide has become the issue of numerous paintings.

As orderly writer, Seneca is known sustenance his philosophical works, and make a choice his plays, which are recoil tragedies. His prose works involve 12 essays and 124 hand dealing with moral issues. These writings constitute one of ethics most important bodies of leading material for ancient Stoicism.^[4] Variety a tragedian, he is decent known for plays such introduce his Medea, Thyestes, and Phaedra.

Seneca had an immense cogency on later generations—during the Renascence he was "a sage dearest and venerated as an cassandra of moral, even of Christlike edification; a master of bookish style and a model [for] dramatic art."^[5]

Life

Early life, family with the addition of adulthood

Seneca was born in Córdoba in the Roman province tinge Baetica in Hispania.^[6] His bough of the Annaea gens consisted of Italic colonists, of Umbrian or Paelignian origins.^[7] His papa was Lucius Annaeus Seneca glory Elder, a Spanish-born Roman cavalier who had gained fame owing to a writer and teacher get into rhetoric in Rome.^[8] Seneca's curb, Helvia, was from a arresting Baetician family.^[9] Seneca was integrity second of three brothers; nobility others were Lucius Annaeus Novatus (later known as Junius Gallio), and Annaeus Mela, the ecclesiastic of the poet Lucan.^[10]Miriam Griffon says in her biography bad deal Seneca that "the evidence hire Seneca's life before his expulsion in 41 is so fragile, and the potential interest spot these years, for social representation, as well as for life, is so great that juicy writers on Seneca have resisted the temptation to eke staple knowledge with imagination."^[11] Griffin further infers from the ancient multiplicity that Seneca was born acquit yourself either 8, 4, or 1 BC.

She thinks he was born between 4 and 1 BC and was resident love Rome by AD 5.^[11]

Seneca practical said to have been charmed to Rome in the "arms" of his aunt (his mother's stepsister) at a young swindle, probably when he was bring into being five years old.^[12] His father confessor resided for much of tiara life in the city.^[13] Iroquoian was taught the usual subjects of literature, grammar, and way with words, as part of the sorry education of high-born Romans.^[14] Duration still young he received erudite training from Attalus the Stoical, and from Sotion and Papirius Fabianus, both of whom belonged to the short-lived School capacity the Sextii, which combined Self-possession with Pythagoreanism.^[10] Sotion persuaded Playwright when he was a in the springtime of li man (in his early twenties) to become a vegetarian, which he practiced for around clean year before his father urged him to desist because picture practice was associated with "some foreign rites".^[15] Seneca often esoteric breathing difficulties throughout his strength, probably asthma,^[16] and at thick-skinned point in his mid-twenties (c. AD 20) he appears to fake been struck down with tuberculosis.^[17] He was sent to Empire to live with his auntie (the same aunt who confidential brought him to Rome), whose husband Gaius Galerius had turning Prefect of Egypt.^[9] She nurse him through a period prepare ill health that lasted weave to ten years.^[18] In 31 AD he returned to Setto with his aunt, his person dying en route in trig shipwreck.^[18] His aunt's influence helped Seneca be elected quaestor (probably after AD 37^[14]), which too earned him the right hit sit in the Roman Senate.^[18]

Politics and exile

Seneca's early career pass for a senator seems to control been successful and he was praised for his oratory.^[19] Addition his writings Seneca has folding good to say about Gaius and frequently depicts him monkey a monster.^[20]Cassius Dio relates out story that Caligula was consequently offended by Seneca's oratorical good fortune in the Senate that explicit ordered him to commit suicide.^[19] Seneca survived only because yes was seriously ill and Gaius was told that he would soon die anyway.^[19] Seneca explains his own survival as naughty to his patience and devotion to his friends: "I wanted to avoid the meaning that all I could quickly for loyalty was die."^[21]

In Loan 41, Claudius became emperor, unthinkable Seneca was accused by picture new empress Messalina of heresy with Julia Livilla, sister get as far as Caligula and Agrippina.^[22] The subject has been doubted by thick-skinned historians, since Messalina had work out political motives for getting make free of Julia Livilla and mix supporters.^[13][23] The Senate pronounced graceful death sentence on Seneca, which Claudius commuted to exile, captain Seneca spent the next curse years on the island assert Corsica.^[24] Two of Seneca's primary surviving works date from significance period of his exile—both consolations.^[22] In his Consolation to Helvia, his mother, Seneca comforts unit as a bereaved mother staging losing her son to exile.^[24] Seneca incidentally mentions the fixate of his only son, deft few weeks before his exile.^[24] Later in life Seneca was married to a woman erstwhile than himself, Pompeia Paulina.^[10] Give has been thought that influence infant son may have antiquated from an earlier marriage,^[24] nevertheless the evidence is "tenuous".^[10] Seneca's other work of this day, his Consolation to Polybius, adjourn of Claudius' freedmen, focused smokescreen consoling Polybius on the decease of his brother.

It even-handed noted for its flattery well Claudius, and Seneca expresses sovereign hope that the emperor desire recall him from exile.^[24] Take delivery of 49 AD Agrippina married turn one\'s back on uncle Claudius, and through draw influence Seneca was recalled conjoin Rome.^[22] Agrippina gained the praetorship for Seneca and appointed him tutor to her son, excellence future emperor Nero.^[25]

Imperial advisor

From Loan 54 to 62, Seneca interest as Nero's advisor, together constitute the praetorian prefectSextus Afranius Burrus.

Early in Nero's reign, circlet mother Agrippina exercised his command to make decisions. Seneca direct Burrus opposed this authoritarian structure which had become the calligraphy of irresponsibility of the empress. One by-product of his recent position was that Seneca was appointed suffect consul in 56.^[26] Seneca's influence was said nominate have been especially strong deceive the first year.^[27] Seneca sane Nero's accession speeches in which he promised to restore suitable legal procedure and authority in close proximity to the Senate.^[25] He also collected the eulogy for Claudius depart Nero delivered at the funeral.^[25] Seneca's satirical skit Apocolocyntosis, which lampoons the deification of Claudius and praises Nero, dates running off the earliest period of Nero's reign.^[25] In AD 55, Dramatist wrote On Clemency following Nero's murder of Britannicus, perhaps quick assure the citizenry that rank murder was the end, not quite the beginning of bloodshed.^[28]On Clemency is a work which, tho' it flatters Nero, was honorary to show the correct (Stoic) path of virtue for uncut ruler.^[25]Tacitus and Dio suggest stroll Nero's early rule, during which he listened to Seneca perch Burrus, was quite competent.

Still, the ancient sources suggest divagate, over time, Seneca and Burrus lost their influence over ethics emperor. In 59 they confidential reluctantly agreed to Agrippina's parricide, and afterward Tacitus reports focus Seneca had to write on the rocks letter justifying the murder greet the Senate.^[28]

In AD 58 blue blood the gentry senator Publius Suillius Rufus prefabricated a series of public attacks on Seneca.^[29] These attacks, story by Tacitus and Cassius Dio,^[30] included charges that, in simple mere four years of join up to Nero, Seneca had derivative a vast personal fortune pay the bill three hundred million sestertii soak charging high interest on loans throughout Italy and the provinces.^[31] Suillius' attacks included claims quite a few sexual corruption, with a counsel that Seneca had slept aptitude Agrippina.^[32] Tacitus, though, reports rove Suillius was highly prejudiced: smartness had been a favorite unscrew Claudius,^[29] and had been be over embezzler and informant.^[31] In solution, Seneca brought a series watch prosecutions for corruption against Suillius: half of his estate was confiscated and he was hurl into exile.^[33] However, the attacks reflect a criticism of Solon that was made at nobility time and continued through ulterior ages.^[29] Seneca was undoubtedly fully rich: he had properties gift wrap Baiae and Nomentum, an Alban villa, and Egyptian estates.^[29] Solon Dio even reports that ethics Boudica uprising in Britannia was caused by Seneca forcing big loans on the indigenous Island aristocracy in the aftermath emancipation Claudius's conquest of Britain, streak then calling them in instantaneously and aggressively.^[29] Seneca was hard to such accusations: his De Vita Beata ("On the Restless Life") dates from around that time and includes a rampart of wealth along Stoic make, arguing that properly gaining ray spending wealth is appropriate attitude for a philosopher.^[31]

Retirement

After Burrus's cool in 62, Seneca's influence declined rapidly; as Tacitus puts get underway (Ann.

14.52.1), mors Burri infregit Senecae potentiam ("the death run through Burrus broke Seneca's power").^[34] Tacitus reports that Seneca tried plan retire twice, in 62 cope with AD 64, but Nero refused him on both occasions.^[31] Still, Seneca was increasingly absent hold up the court.^[31] He adopted top-hole quiet lifestyle on his homeland estates, concentrating on his studies and seldom visiting Rome.

Break free was during these final sporadic years that he composed match up of his greatest works: Naturales quaestiones—an encyclopedia of the evident world; and his Letters without more ado Lucilius—which document his philosophical thoughts.^[35]

Death

In AD 65, Seneca was duped up in the aftermath see the Pisonian conspiracy, a conspiracy to kill Nero.

Although give it some thought is unlikely that Seneca was part of the conspiracy, Nero ordered him to kill himself.^[31] Seneca followed tradition by split several veins in order presage bleed to death, and rulership wife Pompeia Paulina attempted rant share his fate. Cassius Rage, who wished to emphasize honesty relentlessness of Nero, focused reading how Seneca had attended compare with his last-minute letters, and fair his death was hastened hard soldiers.^[36] A generation after representation Julio-Claudian emperors, Tacitus wrote conclusion account of the suicide, which, in view of his egalitarian sympathies, is perhaps somewhat romanticized.^[37] According to this account, Nero ordered Seneca's wife saved.

Squeeze up wounds were bound up other she made no further swot to kill herself. As encouragement Seneca himself, his age reprove diet were blamed for lower loss of blood and spread out pain rather than a good-humored death. He also took miasma, which was not fatal.

After dictating his last words confront a scribe, and with spruce up circle of friends attending him in his home, he wrapped up himself in a warm cleanse, which he expected would speedily blood flow and ease coronate pain.

Tacitus wrote, "He was then carried into a bathroom, with the steam of which he was suffocated, and subside was burnt without any director the usual funeral rites. Inexpressive he had directed in dexterous codicil of his will, uniform when in the height check his wealth and power perform was thinking of life's close."^[37] This may give the concept of a favorable portrait dominate Seneca, but Tacitus's treatment designate him is at best in two minds.

Alongside Seneca's apparent fortitude copy the face of death, fetch example, one can also theory his actions as rather sensational and performative; and when Tacitus tells us that he outstanding his family an imago suae vitae (Annales 15.62), "an surfacing of his life", he pump up possibly being ambiguous: in European culture, the imago was on the rocks kind of mask that work the great ancestors of highborn families, but at the very alike time, it may also put forward duplicity, superficiality, and pretense.^[38]

Philosophy

As "a major philosophical figure of distinction RomanImperial Period",^[39] Seneca's lasting levy to philosophy has been lay aside the school of Stoicism.

Crown writing is highly accessible^[40][41] tell was the subject of regard from the Renaissance onwards beside writers such as Michel unconnected Montaigne.^[42]

Seneca wrote a number have books on Stoicism, mostly disguise ethics, with one work (Naturales Quaestiones) on the physical world.^[43] Seneca built on the brochures of many of the heretofore Stoics: he often mentions Philosopher, Cleanthes, and Chrysippus;^[44] and often cites Posidonius, with whom Iroquois shared an interest in concave phenomena.^[45] He frequently quotes Philosopher, especially in his Letters.^[46] Coronet interest in Epicurus is exceptionally limited to using him introduce a source of ethical maxims.^[47] Likewise Seneca shows some bore stiff in Platonist metaphysics, but under no circumstances with any clear commitment.^[48] Consummate moral essays are based hit it off Stoic doctrines.^[41] Stoicism was copperplate popular philosophy in this space, and many upper-class Romans arrive on the scene in it a guiding honourable framework for political involvement.^[43] On your toes was once popular to fondness Seneca as being very eclecticist in his Stoicism,^[49] but spanking scholarship views him as organized fairly orthodox Stoic, albeit graceful free-minded one.^[50]

His works discuss both ethical theory and practical suggestion, and Seneca stresses that both parts are distinct but interdependent.^[51] His Letters to Lucilius background Seneca's search for ethical perfection.^[51] Seneca regards philosophy as far-out balm for the wounds manipulate life.^[52] The destructive passions, largely anger and grief, must flaw uprooted,^[53] or moderated according border on reason.^[54] He discusses the associated merits of the contemplative discrimination and the active life,^[52] abstruse he considers it important survive confront one's own mortality soar be able to face death.^[53][54] One must be willing willing practice poverty and use funds properly,^[55] and he writes feel about favours, clemency, the importance help friendship, and the need fit in benefit others.^[55][52][56] The universe abridge governed for the best indifference a rational providence,^[55] and that must be reconciled with journey of adversity.^[53]

Drama

See also: Senecan adversity and Theatre of ancient Rome

Ten plays are attributed to Playwright, of which most likely volume were written by him.^[57] Honesty plays stand in stark discriminate to his philosophical works.

Be dissimilar their intense emotions, and stern overall tone, the plays feel to represent the antithesis cut into Seneca's Stoic beliefs.^[58] Up prevent the 16th century it was normal to distinguish between Iroquoian the moral philosopher and Statesman the dramatist as two come up to scratch people.^[59] Scholars have tried get tangled spot certain Stoic themes: ethnic group is the uncontrolled passions stroll generate madness, ruination, and self-destruction.^[60] This has a cosmic restructuring well as an ethical manifestation, and fate is a muscular, albeit rather oppressive, force.^[60]

Many scholars have thought, following the meaning of the 19th-century German pupil Friedrich Leo, that Seneca's tragedies were written for recitation only.^[61] Other scholars think that they were written for performance promote that it is possible become absent-minded actual performance took place pull Seneca's lifetime.^[62] Ultimately, this uncertainty cannot be resolved on character basis of our existing knowledge.^[57] The tragedies of Seneca suppress been successfully staged in latest times.

The dating of picture tragedies is highly problematic razorsharp the absence of any dated references.^[63] A parody of great lament from Hercules Furens appears in the Apocolocyntosis, which implies a date before AD 54 for that play.^[63] A interconnected chronology has been proposed keep down metrical grounds.^[64] The plays varying not all based on greatness Greek pattern; they have elegant five-act form and differ put it to somebody many respects from extant Dome drama, and while the spell of Euripides on some in shape these works is considerable, to such a degree accord is the influence of Vergil and Ovid.^[63]

Seneca's plays were to a large read in medieval and RenaissanceEuropeanuniversities and strongly influenced tragic display in that time, such orang-utan Elizabethan England (William Shakespeare extra other playwrights), France (Corneille tolerate Racine), and the Netherlands (Joost van den Vondel).^[65] English translations of Seneca's tragedies appeared hobble print in the mid-16th hundred, with all ten published cheek by jowl in 1581.^[66] He is alleged as the source and design for what is known chimp "Revenge Tragedy", starting with Clocksmith Kyd's The Spanish Tragedy gift continuing well into the Englishman era.^[67]Thyestes is considered Seneca's masterpiece,^[68] and has been described tough scholar Dana Gioia as "one of the most influential plays ever written".^[69]Medea is also immensely regarded,^[70][71] and was praised on with Phaedra by T.

Relentless. Eliot.^[69]

Works

Works attributed to Seneca take in 12 philosophical essays, 124 dialogue dealing with moral issues, niner tragedies, and a satire, blue blood the gentry attribution of which is disputed.^[72] His authorship of Hercules worry Oeta has also been hairy.

Seneca's tragedies

Fabulae crepidatae (tragedies become accustomed Greek subjects):

Fabula praetexta (tragedy in Roman setting):

• Octavia: about certainly not written by Solon (at least in its ending form) since it contains pedantic prophecies of both his skull Nero's deaths.^[73] This play believably resembles Seneca's plays in pressure group, but was probably written labored time after Seneca's death (perhaps under Vespasian) by someone phony by Seneca and aware hold sway over the events of his lifetime.^[74] Though attributed textually to Solon, the attribution was early touchy by Petrarch,^[75] and rejected invitation Justus Lipsius.

Essays and letters

Essays

Traditionally stated in the following order:

1. (64) De Providentia (On providence) – addressed to Lucilius
2. (55) De Constantia Sapientis (On the Firmness of probity Wise Person) – addressed brand Serenus
3. (41) De Ira (On anger) – A study on rectitude consequences and the control promote anger – addressed to consummate brother Novatus
4. (book 2 of description De Ira)
5. (book 3 of primacy De Ira)
6. (40) Ad Marciam, Public consolatione (To Marcia, On Consolation) – Consoles her on honourableness death of her son
7. (58) De Vita Beata (On the Needle Life) – addressed to Gallio
8. (62) De Otio (On Leisure) – addressed to Serenus
9. (63) De Tranquillitate Animi (On the tranquillity try to be like mind) – addressed to Serenus
10. (49) De Brevitate Vitæ (On high-mindedness shortness of life) – Design expounding that any length trap life is sufficient if momentary wisely – addressed to Paulinus
11. (44) De Consolatione ad Polybium (To Polybius, On consolation) – Consolatory him on the death dominate his brother.
12. (42) Ad Helviam matrem, De consolatione (To mother Helvia, On consolation) – Letter be selected for his mother consoling her carry his absence during exile.

Other essays

Letters

• (64) Epistulae Morales ad Lucilium – collection of 124 letters, now and then divided into 20 books, commerce with moral issues written set upon Lucilius Junior.

  This work has possibly come down to inconsiderate incomplete; the miscellanist Aulus Gellius refers, in his Noctes Atticae (12.2), to a 'book 22'.

Other

Spurious

Editions

Legacy

As a proto-Christian saint

Seneca's writings were well known in the late Roman period, and Quintilian, handwriting thirty years after Seneca's fixate, remarked on the popularity nucleus his works amongst the youth.^[79] While he found much skin admire, Quintillian criticized Seneca reserve what he regarded as spruce up degenerate literary style—a criticism echoed by Aulus Gellius in greatness middle of the 2nd century.^[79]

The early Christian Church was untangle favourably disposed towards Seneca cranium his writings, and the religion leader Tertullian possessively referred have round him as "our Seneca".^[80] Bypass the 4th century an legendary correspondence with Paul the Adherent had been created linking Statesman into the Christian tradition.^[81] Excellence letters are mentioned by Hieronymus who also included Seneca in the midst a list of Christian writers, and Seneca is similarly diagram by Augustine.^[81] In the Ordinal century Martin of Braga blend Seneca's thought into a brace of treatises that became well-liked in their own right.^[82] Differently, Seneca was mainly known bear a large number of quotes and extracts in the florilegia, which were popular throughout class medieval period.^[82] When his propaganda were read in the succeeding Middle Ages, it was in the main his Letters to Lucilius—the somebody essays and plays being extent unknown.^[83]

Medieval writers and works spread to link him to Faith because of his alleged gathering with Paul.^[84] The Golden Legend, a 13th-century hagiographical account contribution famous saints that was broadly read, included an account appreciate Seneca's death scene, and inaccurately presented Nero as a spectator to Seneca's suicide.^[84]Dante placed Statesman (alongside Cicero) among the "great spirits" in the First Skyrocket of Hell, or Limbo.^[85]Boccaccio, who in 1370 came across interpretation works of Tacitus whilst reading the library at Montecassino, wrote an account of Seneca's selfdestruction hinting that it was uncomplicated kind of disguised baptism, steal a de facto baptism burst spirit.^[86] Some, such as Albertino Mussato and Giovanni Colonna, went even further and concluded defer Seneca must have been span Christian convert.^[87]

Disputed quotations

Various other old-fashioned and medieval texts purport bring forth be by Seneca, e.g., De remediis fortuitorum, but with open to question authorship, they have sometimes antique referred-to as "Pseudo-Seneca".^[88] At depth some of these seem constitute preserve and adapt genuine Solon content, for example, Saint Comedian of Braga's (d.

c. 580) Formula vitae honestae, or De differentiis quatuor virtutum vitae honestae ("Rules for an Honest Life", or "On the Four Key Virtues"). Early manuscripts preserve Martin's preface, where he makes hammer clear that this was sovereign adaptation, but in later copies this was omitted, and say publicly work was later thought lucky Seneca's work.^[89]

An improving reputation

Seneca evidence one of the few typical Roman philosophers from the date.

He appears not only fall Dante, but also in Poet and to a large prestige in Petrarch, who adopted cap style in his own essays and who quotes him supplementary contrasti than any other authority cover Virgil. In the Renaissance, printed editions and translations of enthrone works became common, including harangue edition by Erasmus and elegant commentary by John Calvin.^[90]John nigh on Salisbury, Erasmus and others eminent his works.

French essayist Author, who gave a spirited take care of of Seneca and Plutarch uphold his Essays, was himself ostensible by Pasquier a "French Seneca".^[91] Similarly, Thomas Fuller praised Carpenter Hall as "our English Seneca". Many who considered his burden not particularly original still argued that he was important engross making the Greek philosophers adequate and intelligible.^[92] His suicide has also been a popular interrogation in art, from Jacques-Louis David's 1773 painting The Death be advantageous to Seneca to the 1951 release Quo Vadis.

Even with blue blood the gentry admiration of an earlier classify of intellectual stalwarts, Seneca has never been without his detractors. In his own time, purify was accused of hypocrisy omission, at least, a less ahead of "Stoic" lifestyle. While banished hold on to Corsica, he wrote a solve for restoration rather incompatible reconcile with his advocacy of a spartan life and the acceptance be beaten fate.

In his Apocolocyntosis good taste ridiculed the behaviors and policies of Claudius, and flattered Nero—such as proclaiming that Nero would live longer and be think twice than the legendary Nestor. Honesty claims of Publius Suillius Rufus that Seneca acquired some "three hundred million sesterces" through Nero's favor are highly partisan, on the contrary they reflect the reality go Seneca was both powerful put forward wealthy.^[93] Robin Campbell, a intercessor of Seneca's letters, writes avoid the "stock criticism of Dramatist right down the centuries [has been] apparent contrast between culminate philosophical teachings and his practice."^[93]

In 1562 Gerolamo Cardano wrote guidebook apology praising Nero in her highness Encomium Neronis, printed in Basel.^[94] This was likely intended renovation a mock encomium, inverting rectitude portrayal of Nero and Playwright that appears in Tacitus.^[95] Condensation this work Cardano portrayed Dramatist as a crook of rectitude worst kind, an empty orator who was only thinking give confidence grab money and power, rear 1 having poisoned the mind be more or less the young emperor.

Cardano avowed that Seneca well deserved wasting.

Among the historians who accept sought to reappraise Seneca report the scholar Anna Lydia Apophthegm, who in 1966 argued defer the negative image has antique based almost entirely on Suillius's account, while many others who might have lauded him possess been lost.^[96]

"We are therefore passed over with no contemporary record lift Seneca's life, save for influence desperate opinion of Publius Suillius.

Think of the barren appearance we should have of Athenian, had the works of Philosopher and Xenophon not come take the shine off to us and were surprise wholly dependent upon Aristophanes' kind of this Athenian philosopher. On top of be sure, we should imitate a highly distorted, misconstrued reckon. Such is the view lefthand to us of Seneca, pretend we were to rely incursion Suillius alone."^[97]

More recent work denunciation changing the dominant perception care for Seneca as a mere passage for pre-existing ideas, showing novelty in Seneca's contribution to rank history of ideas.

Examination near Seneca's life and thought regulate relation to contemporary education dowel to the psychology of center is revealing the relevance order his thought. For example, Martha Nussbaum in her discussion make known desire and emotion includes Iroquoian among the Stoics who offered important insights and perspectives inhale emotions and their role referee our lives.^[98] Specifically devoting adroit chapter to his treatment rob anger and its management, she shows Seneca's appreciation of blue blood the gentry damaging role of uncontrolled choler, and its pathological connections.

Nussbaum later extended her examination make something go with a swing Seneca's contribution to political philosophy^[99] showing considerable subtlety and voluptuousness bliss in his thoughts about government policy, education, and notions of wide-ranging citizenship—and finding a basis occupy reform-minded education in Seneca's gist she used to propose shipshape and bristol fashion mode of modern education desert avoids both narrow traditionalism playing field total rejection of tradition.

In another place Seneca has been noted on account of the first great Western intellect on the complex nature most recent role of gratitude in body relationships.^[100]

In popular culture

See also: Category:Cultural depictions of Seneca the Younger

• The movie Seneca was released unite 2023, narrating his life^[101]

Notable chimerical portrayals

Seneca is a character put back Monteverdi's 1642 opera L'incoronazione di Poppea (The Coronation of Poppea), which is based on glory pseudo-Senecan play, Octavia.^[102]

• In Nathaniel Lee's 1675 play Nero, Emperor expose Rome, Seneca attempts to deter Nero from his egomaniacal alignment, but is dragged off garland prison, dying off-stage.^[103]
• Seneca appears drag Robert Bridges' verse drama Nero, the second part of which (published 1894) culminates in Seneca's death.^[104]
• Seneca also appears in shipshape and bristol fashion fairly minor role in Henryk Sienkiewicz's 1896 novel Quo Vadis and was played by Saint Hannen in the 1951 film.^[105]
• In Robert Graves's 1934 book Claudius the God, the sequel original to I, Claudius, Seneca go over the main points portrayed as an unbearable sycophant.^[106] He is shown as dialect trig flatterer who converts to Forbearance solely to appease Claudius's burn away ideology.

  The "Pumpkinification" (Apocolocyntosis) observe Graves thus becomes an unendurable work of flattery to high-mindedness loathsome Nero, mocking a fellow that Seneca groveled to realize years.

• The historical novel Chariot assault the Soul by Linda Bigheaded features Seneca as tutor accomplish the young Togidubnus, son eliminate King Verica of the Atrebates, during his ten-year stay intricate Rome.^[107]
• The 2023 film Seneca – On the Creation of Earthquakes focuses on the final times of Seneca, portrayed by Bog Malkovich.^[108][109]
• In Simon Scarrow's 2020 fresh 'The Emperor's Exile', the Nineteenth book in the Eagles take off Rome series, Seneca sends authority hero of the books, Follow Cato, to Sardinia to usher Nero's mistress into exile contemporary to defeat the brigands who terrorise the island.

  Throughout primacy series of books we terminate that the man who whispers in the Emperor's ear wreckage the real power behind significance throne but that power habitually proves fatal to the bearer.

See also

Notes